We Can Detect Cancer Years Earlier — So Why Aren’t We?

How should we really think about imaging How should we really think about imaging today? today? today? >> These miraculous devices we've built are >> These miraculous devices we've built are >> These miraculous devices we've built are important to understand cuz they're important to understand cuz they're important to understand cuz they're going to change our lives. Maybe we going to change our lives. Maybe we going to change our lives. Maybe we don't need to wait for a doctor to have don't need to wait for a doctor to have don't need to wait for a doctor to have already found a problem. already found a problem. already found a problem. >> I kind of want to talk about this whole >> I kind of want to talk about this whole >> I kind of want to talk about this whole idea of false positives, which is idea of false positives, which is idea of false positives, which is something that people will push back on. something that people will push back on. something that people will push back on. >> I think everybody should have a >> I think everybody should have a >> I think everybody should have a baseline. You talked about this moment baseline. You talked about this moment baseline. You talked about this moment that we're in, which is comparable to that we're in, which is comparable to that we're in, which is comparable to the invention of the telescope. Not just the invention of the telescope. Not just the invention of the telescope. Not just an incremental change, but more of a an incremental change, but more of a an incremental change, but more of a quantum change. quantum change. quantum change. >> Wait a second, if we can see this stuff, >> Wait a second, if we can see this stuff, >> Wait a second, if we can see this stuff, maybe we don't need to wait for a doctor maybe we don't need to wait for a doctor maybe we don't need to wait for a doctor to have already found a problem. And I to have already found a problem. And I to have already found a problem. And I think that's this cusp that we're on think that's this cusp that we're on think that's this cusp that we're on where medical imaging is really where medical imaging is really where medical imaging is really changing. My guest today began his changing. My guest today began his changing. My guest today began his career at Harvard and MIT, spent [music] career at Harvard and MIT, spent [music] career at Harvard and MIT, spent [music] years as chief of innovation in years as chief of innovation in years as chief of innovation in radiology at NYU, and has developed radiology at NYU, and has developed radiology at NYU, and has developed imaging technologies used to guide the imaging technologies used to guide the imaging technologies used to guide the care of billions of people worldwide. care of billions of people worldwide. care of billions of people worldwide. He's now chief medical scientist at He's now chief medical scientist at He's now chief medical scientist at Function Health. This is Dr. Daniel K. Function Health. This is Dr. Daniel K. Function Health. This is Dr. Daniel K. Sodickson. Sodickson. Sodickson. Hey, it's Dr. Hyman. I'm so excited to Hey, it's Dr. Hyman. I'm so excited to Hey, it's Dr. Hyman. I'm so excited to share this episode with you today, but share this episode with you today, but share this episode with you today, but before we dive in, I want to get your before we dive in, I want to get your before we dive in, I want to get your help. Please take a minute to hit that help. Please take a minute to hit that help. Please take a minute to hit that subscribe button. Whether you're subscribe button. Whether you're subscribe button. Whether you're watching here on YouTube or listening on watching here on YouTube or listening on watching here on YouTube or listening on your favorite podcast platform. It truly your favorite podcast platform. It truly your favorite podcast platform. It truly means the world to me, and it helps my means the world to me, and it helps my means the world to me, and it helps my team and I bring you this podcast every team and I bring you this podcast every team and I bring you this podcast every single week. Plus, I don't want you to single week. Plus, I don't want you to single week. Plus, I don't want you to miss a thing. So, thanks so much for miss a thing. So, thanks so much for miss a thing. So, thanks so much for being part of this community, and I'm being part of this community, and I'm being part of this community, and I'm glad you're here. Dan, welcome to the glad you're here. Dan, welcome to the glad you're here. Dan, welcome to the podcast. Thank [music] you so much, podcast. Thank [music] you so much, podcast. Thank [music] you so much, Mark. It's great to be here. I'm just in Mark. It's great to be here. I'm just in Mark. It's great to be here. I'm just in awe of you. As I was preparing for this awe of you. As I was preparing for this awe of you. As I was preparing for this podcast, I was like, wow, this [music] podcast, I was like, wow, this [music] podcast, I was like, wow, this [music] dude's uh dude's uh dude's uh he's got quite a pedigree, and he is he's got quite a pedigree, and he is he's got quite a pedigree, and he is rethinking how we think rethinking how we think rethinking how we think and apply imaging. [music] And we're and apply imaging. [music] And we're and apply imaging. [music] And we're going to talk about that today, which is going to talk about that today, which is going to talk about that today, which is this sort of new craze of full body this sort of new craze of full body this sort of new craze of full body MRIs. What's the deal with it? Should we MRIs. What's the deal with it? Should we MRIs. What's the deal with it? Should we be doing it? What are the benefits? What be doing it? What are the benefits? What be doing it? What are the benefits? What are the risks? What are we looking for? are the risks? What are we looking for? are the risks? What are we looking for? We're going to cover all of it. And We're going to cover all of it. And We're going to cover all of it. And we're going to talk about how to be we're going to talk about how to be we're going to talk about how to be proactive about your health. And we're proactive about your health. And we're proactive about your health. And we're going to talk about some of the changes going to talk about some of the changes going to talk about some of the changes in AI in medicine and some of the things in AI in medicine and some of the things in AI in medicine and some of the things that are happening on the horizon that that are happening on the horizon that that are happening on the horizon that are pretty sci-fi and uh wild out there, are pretty sci-fi and uh wild out there, are pretty sci-fi and uh wild out there, like maybe MRIs everywhere, in your like maybe MRIs everywhere, in your like maybe MRIs everywhere, in your chair, in your bed, whatever. chair, in your bed, whatever. chair, in your bed, whatever. >> [laughter] >> [laughter] >> [laughter] >> I don't quite get it, but you went to uh >> I don't quite get it, but you went to uh >> I don't quite get it, but you went to uh Yale undergraduate, studied physics, you Yale undergraduate, studied physics, you Yale undergraduate, studied physics, you got your humanities um bachelor's in in got your humanities um bachelor's in in got your humanities um bachelor's in in physics humanities as well from Yale and physics humanities as well from Yale and physics humanities as well from Yale and then you got your uh Harvard Medical then you got your uh Harvard Medical then you got your uh Harvard Medical School degree, MIT degree in physics, School degree, MIT degree in physics, School degree, MIT degree in physics, PhD in physics. I'm like PhD in physics. I'm like PhD in physics. I'm like you kind of been around. You were the you kind of been around. You were the you kind of been around. You were the head of MRI imaging at Beth Israel head of MRI imaging at Beth Israel head of MRI imaging at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center at Harvard. And Deaconess Medical Center at Harvard. And Deaconess Medical Center at Harvard. And now we're working together, which is so now we're working together, which is so now we're working together, which is so amazing. So for those of you listening, amazing. So for those of you listening, amazing. So for those of you listening, Dan and I are part of a company called Dan and I are part of a company called Dan and I are part of a company called Function Health. You might have heard me Function Health. You might have heard me Function Health. You might have heard me talk about it on the podcast. Dan is the talk about it on the podcast. Dan is the talk about it on the podcast. Dan is the chief science officer, I'm the chief chief science officer, I'm the chief chief science officer, I'm the chief medical officer and together we're medical officer and together we're medical officer and together we're co-directors of what's what's called the co-directors of what's what's called the co-directors of what's what's called the Medical Intelligence Lab. And we're Medical Intelligence Lab. And we're Medical Intelligence Lab. And we're going to talk about what that is, what going to talk about what that is, what going to talk about what that is, what it means and why you need to care about it means and why you need to care about it means and why you need to care about it and how it applies to you and your it and how it applies to you and your it and how it applies to you and your body and your health and your long-term body and your health and your long-term body and your health and your long-term outlook for well-being and how you can outlook for well-being and how you can outlook for well-being and how you can live 100 healthy years with proactive live 100 healthy years with proactive live 100 healthy years with proactive health care. And that's what we're health care. And that's what we're health care. And that's what we're about. It's really empowering you with about. It's really empowering you with about. It's really empowering you with the data, the information, the knowledge the data, the information, the knowledge the data, the information, the knowledge to actually live a long healthy life. to actually live a long healthy life. to actually live a long healthy life. And to feel good now. And to feel good now. And to feel good now. >> [laughter] >> [laughter] >> [laughter] >> I always say want to feel 100% live 100 >> I always say want to feel 100% live 100 >> I always say want to feel 100% live 100 healthy years. So that's the goal. I healthy years. So that's the goal. I healthy years. So that's the goal. I want to sort of zoom out. You just wrote want to sort of zoom out. You just wrote want to sort of zoom out. You just wrote a book. Just came out in October. The a book. Just came out in October. The a book. Just came out in October. The future of seeing and it's really about future of seeing and it's really about future of seeing and it's really about the lenses we look at the world through the lenses we look at the world through the lenses we look at the world through from the macrocosmic world of stars to from the macrocosmic world of stars to from the macrocosmic world of stars to the microscopic world of cells and the microscopic world of cells and the microscopic world of cells and microbes microbes microbes to all the imaging that we now have to all the imaging that we now have to all the imaging that we now have access to. We're just extending our access to. We're just extending our access to. We're just extending our capacity and our vision and I'm sort of capacity and our vision and I'm sort of capacity and our vision and I'm sort of curious about what inspired you to write curious about what inspired you to write curious about what inspired you to write this book. What are you hoping that this book. What are you hoping that this book. What are you hoping that people understand from it and and how people understand from it and and how people understand from it and and how how is sort of our our ability to see how is sort of our our ability to see how is sort of our our ability to see changed over human human evolutionary changed over human human evolutionary changed over human human evolutionary biology? Great question, Mark. And first biology? Great question, Mark. And first biology? Great question, Mark. And first of all, let me just say the awe is of all, let me just say the awe is of all, let me just say the awe is mutual. mutual. mutual. >> [laughter] >> [laughter] >> [laughter] >> But no, the reason I wrote the book was >> But no, the reason I wrote the book was >> But no, the reason I wrote the book was that there's this sort of weird paradox that there's this sort of weird paradox that there's this sort of weird paradox in imaging now. We lead more imaged in imaging now. We lead more imaged in imaging now. We lead more imaged lives than we ever have, right? I mean, lives than we ever have, right? I mean, lives than we ever have, right? I mean, you can't walk down a street without you can't walk down a street without you can't walk down a street without being imaged by a whole series of being imaged by a whole series of being imaged by a whole series of cameras. That's right. Facial cameras. That's right. Facial cameras. That's right. Facial recognition. from in utero on. recognition. from in utero on. recognition. from in utero on. And yet the mechanisms of imaging are And yet the mechanisms of imaging are And yet the mechanisms of imaging are more hidden than ever. How many people more hidden than ever. How many people more hidden than ever. How many people actually understand how an MRI machine actually understand how an MRI machine actually understand how an MRI machine works or a radio telescope works? works or a radio telescope works? works or a radio telescope works? So, imaging kind of has an image So, imaging kind of has an image So, imaging kind of has an image problem, and what I wanted to do was problem, and what I wanted to do was problem, and what I wanted to do was give imaging back to people, to connect give imaging back to people, to connect give imaging back to people, to connect it to the biological vision that we it to the biological vision that we it to the biological vision that we evolved, to remind people that we're evolved, to remind people that we're evolved, to remind people that we're actually all creatures of imaging, and actually all creatures of imaging, and actually all creatures of imaging, and these miraculous devices we've built these miraculous devices we've built these miraculous devices we've built are important to understand cuz they're are important to understand cuz they're are important to understand cuz they're going to change our lives. We we really going to change our lives. We we really going to change our lives. We we really only understand the world through our only understand the world through our only understand the world through our senses, right? And the ability to extend senses, right? And the ability to extend senses, right? And the ability to extend our senses our senses our senses to look under the skin is pretty to look under the skin is pretty to look under the skin is pretty remarkable. I mean, vivisection, which remarkable. I mean, vivisection, which remarkable. I mean, vivisection, which is the human dissection of the body, is the human dissection of the body, is the human dissection of the body, was done in some, you know, ancient was done in some, you know, ancient was done in some, you know, ancient cultures, but often was not cuz the body cultures, but often was not cuz the body cultures, but often was not cuz the body was considered sacred, like in Chinese was considered sacred, like in Chinese was considered sacred, like in Chinese medicine, they never did that. And so, medicine, they never did that. And so, medicine, they never did that. And so, they they would kind of have to intuit they they would kind of have to intuit they they would kind of have to intuit how things worked without actually how things worked without actually how things worked without actually knowing anything about what's happening knowing anything about what's happening knowing anything about what's happening on the inside. And now, you know, we had on the inside. And now, you know, we had on the inside. And now, you know, we had the the sort of crude imaging with the the sort of crude imaging with the the sort of crude imaging with X-rays back to the turn of the last X-rays back to the turn of the last X-rays back to the turn of the last century, you know, and uh people used to century, you know, and uh people used to century, you know, and uh people used to go get their shoes and they'd get X-rays go get their shoes and they'd get X-rays go get their shoes and they'd get X-rays to kind of look at their feet, which was to kind of look at their feet, which was to kind of look at their feet, which was a bad idea. a bad idea. a bad idea. >> Bad idea. Or people had like radiation >> Bad idea. Or people had like radiation >> Bad idea. Or people had like radiation X-rays for their acne on their face, bad X-rays for their acne on their face, bad X-rays for their acne on their face, bad idea, caused a lot of cancer. So, we've idea, caused a lot of cancer. So, we've idea, caused a lot of cancer. So, we've kind of had a this sort of interesting kind of had a this sort of interesting kind of had a this sort of interesting history, um and and and you know, I'm history, um and and and you know, I'm history, um and and and you know, I'm old and older than you, but old and older than you, but old and older than you, but I, you know, MRIs were kind of a new I, you know, MRIs were kind of a new I, you know, MRIs were kind of a new thing when I was in medical training. It thing when I was in medical training. It thing when I was in medical training. It was in the early '80s, and it was just was in the early '80s, and it was just was in the early '80s, and it was just kind of a coming on the horizon, our kind of a coming on the horizon, our kind of a coming on the horizon, our ability to kind of look deeper into ability to kind of look deeper into ability to kind of look deeper into things. We first had X-rays, and then we things. We first had X-rays, and then we things. We first had X-rays, and then we had CT scanners, we have ultrasound, we had CT scanners, we have ultrasound, we had CT scanners, we have ultrasound, we have MRI machines. There's other kinds have MRI machines. There's other kinds have MRI machines. There's other kinds of imaging out there as well. How we how of imaging out there as well. How we how of imaging out there as well. How we how should we really think about imaging should we really think about imaging should we really think about imaging today? And because we see, you know, a today? And because we see, you know, a today? And because we see, you know, a lot of kind of hype out there, Kim lot of kind of hype out there, Kim lot of kind of hype out there, Kim Kardashian goes to get a scan, and Kardashian goes to get a scan, and Kardashian goes to get a scan, and everybody's like, "Oh, wow, you know, everybody's like, "Oh, wow, you know, everybody's like, "Oh, wow, you know, what is this about? I want a full body what is this about? I want a full body what is this about? I want a full body MRI." MRI." MRI." Sh- How should we be thinking about Sh- How should we be thinking about Sh- How should we be thinking about this? So, I think, first of all, you're this? So, I think, first of all, you're this? So, I think, first of all, you're absolutely correct that absolutely correct that absolutely correct that extending our senses extending our senses extending our senses is a really fundamental thesis of is a really fundamental thesis of is a really fundamental thesis of imaging and I would argue that every imaging and I would argue that every imaging and I would argue that every time we extend our vision, we invariably time we extend our vision, we invariably time we extend our vision, we invariably expand our minds. Mhm. We saw that from expand our minds. Mhm. We saw that from expand our minds. Mhm. We saw that from the Copernican revolution. Yeah. the Copernican revolution. Yeah. the Copernican revolution. Yeah. >> Basically, it was the results of imaging >> Basically, it was the results of imaging >> Basically, it was the results of imaging devices that forced us to reckon with devices that forced us to reckon with devices that forced us to reckon with the fact that we're living alone on this the fact that we're living alone on this the fact that we're living alone on this little rock um in this vast universe. little rock um in this vast universe. little rock um in this vast universe. Um X-rays completely took the world by Um X-rays completely took the world by Um X-rays completely took the world by storm, like you said, as did tomography storm, like you said, as did tomography storm, like you said, as did tomography later on. later on. later on. And so I And so I And so I >> Tomography is what? And and uh forgive >> Tomography is what? And and uh forgive >> Tomography is what? And and uh forgive me. Yes, tomography me. Yes, tomography me. Yes, tomography >> Cuz none of us speak physics. >> Cuz none of us speak physics. >> Cuz none of us speak physics. >> Exactly. >> Exactly. >> Exactly. >> [laughter] >> [laughter] >> [laughter] >> It's CAT scans, MRI machines, PET scans, >> It's CAT scans, MRI machines, PET scans, >> It's CAT scans, MRI machines, PET scans, complicated assembly of images from complicated assembly of images from complicated assembly of images from different sources, right? different sources, right? different sources, right? >> And really what it means, it comes from >> And really what it means, it comes from >> And really what it means, it comes from a weird Greek root, uh which stands for a weird Greek root, uh which stands for a weird Greek root, uh which stands for the writing of slices. And really that's the writing of slices. And really that's the writing of slices. And really that's what all of these modern imaging devices what all of these modern imaging devices what all of these modern imaging devices are doing. They're slicing through the are doing. They're slicing through the are doing. They're slicing through the body every which way without making a body every which way without making a body every which way without making a single cut. Mhm. single cut. Mhm. single cut. Mhm. And I think when you you know, you ask And I think when you you know, you ask And I think when you you know, you ask how to think about modern imaging, how to think about modern imaging, how to think about modern imaging, that's really what modern imaging is that's really what modern imaging is that's really what modern imaging is doing. It's capable of basically doing. It's capable of basically doing. It's capable of basically dissecting the body dissecting the body dissecting the body without ever cutting into it, and it's without ever cutting into it, and it's without ever cutting into it, and it's become this integral tool in medicine become this integral tool in medicine become this integral tool in medicine that people use to diagnose disease, to that people use to diagnose disease, to that people use to diagnose disease, to guide surgery, all of that. guide surgery, all of that. guide surgery, all of that. But as you said, its use is starting to But as you said, its use is starting to But as you said, its use is starting to change and people are realizing, wait a change and people are realizing, wait a change and people are realizing, wait a second, if we can see this stuff, second, if we can see this stuff, second, if we can see this stuff, maybe we can see it early. Maybe we maybe we can see it early. Maybe we maybe we can see it early. Maybe we don't need to wait for a doctor to have don't need to wait for a doctor to have don't need to wait for a doctor to have already found a problem. And I think already found a problem. And I think already found a problem. And I think that's this cusp that we're on, where that's this cusp that we're on, where that's this cusp that we're on, where medical imaging is really changing. medical imaging is really changing. medical imaging is really changing. Yeah, because most doctors will only Yeah, because most doctors will only Yeah, because most doctors will only diagnose you when you have a symptom. diagnose you when you have a symptom. diagnose you when you have a symptom. Like, oh, I have a stomach pain, maybe Like, oh, I have a stomach pain, maybe Like, oh, I have a stomach pain, maybe we should get an MRI of your stomach. Or we should get an MRI of your stomach. Or we should get an MRI of your stomach. Or I've got a head pain, or I'm losing I've got a head pain, or I'm losing I've got a head pain, or I'm losing vision, or I can't walk, maybe we should vision, or I can't walk, maybe we should vision, or I can't walk, maybe we should get an MRI of your brain. get an MRI of your brain. get an MRI of your brain. And what you're suggesting is that that And what you're suggesting is that that And what you're suggesting is that that might not be the right way to think might not be the right way to think might not be the right way to think about things. It's a proactive, about things. It's a proactive, about things. It's a proactive, preventive way to think about imaging. preventive way to think about imaging. preventive way to think about imaging. And you know, we talk a lot in you know, And you know, we talk a lot in you know, And you know, we talk a lot in you know, in in the space around what we call P4 in in the space around what we call P4 in in the space around what we call P4 medicine, which is Leroy Hood's vision, medicine, which is Leroy Hood's vision, medicine, which is Leroy Hood's vision, who's a systems biologist, of how we who's a systems biologist, of how we who's a systems biologist, of how we need to think about health, which is need to think about health, which is need to think about health, which is preventive, it's predictive, meaning you preventive, it's predictive, meaning you preventive, it's predictive, meaning you kind of predict where you're going. kind of predict where you're going. kind of predict where you're going. It's uh personalized, so everybody's It's uh personalized, so everybody's It's uh personalized, so everybody's different, and it's participatory, different, and it's participatory, different, and it's participatory, meaning we all have to kind of meaning we all have to kind of meaning we all have to kind of participate in our health, not just participate in our health, not just participate in our health, not just passive activity. What's what's passive activity. What's what's passive activity. What's what's happening now is is that the speed of happening now is is that the speed of happening now is is that the speed of imaging, the application of AI to imaging, the application of AI to imaging, the application of AI to imaging, the innovations in imaging, the imaging, the innovations in imaging, the imaging, the innovations in imaging, the deflationary costs of imaging, are all deflationary costs of imaging, are all deflationary costs of imaging, are all starting to kind of hit at the same starting to kind of hit at the same starting to kind of hit at the same time. And you talked about this this time. And you talked about this this time. And you talked about this this sort of moment that we're in, which is sort of moment that we're in, which is sort of moment that we're in, which is comparable to the invention of the comparable to the invention of the comparable to the invention of the telescope in terms of our understanding telescope in terms of our understanding telescope in terms of our understanding of like the technological changes, not of like the technological changes, not of like the technological changes, not just an incremental change, but more of just an incremental change, but more of just an incremental change, but more of a quantum change. Can you kind of unpack a quantum change. Can you kind of unpack a quantum change. Can you kind of unpack that because I think most of us just that because I think most of us just that because I think most of us just think, oh, we go to the doctor, we get think, oh, we go to the doctor, we get think, oh, we go to the doctor, we get imaging if we got a symptom, but you're imaging if we got a symptom, but you're imaging if we got a symptom, but you're talking and even me, I'm like doctor, talking and even me, I'm like doctor, talking and even me, I'm like doctor, and I I'm still curious about because I and I I'm still curious about because I and I I'm still curious about because I don't understand don't understand don't understand what what you're thinking about, how what what you're thinking about, how what what you're thinking about, how this change is so revolutionary. Let me this change is so revolutionary. Let me this change is so revolutionary. Let me attack that basically through a bit of a attack that basically through a bit of a attack that basically through a bit of a personal story cuz personal story cuz personal story cuz I started out I started out I started out in kind of a traditional way of thinking in kind of a traditional way of thinking in kind of a traditional way of thinking about imaging. This is the tool you use about imaging. This is the tool you use about imaging. This is the tool you use to open up the body for inspection by to open up the body for inspection by to open up the body for inspection by doctors once we want to find something doctors once we want to find something doctors once we want to find something wrong. And what happened is over time wrong. And what happened is over time wrong. And what happened is over time as I worked more and more on optimizing, as I worked more and more on optimizing, as I worked more and more on optimizing, for example, these MRI machines, making for example, these MRI machines, making for example, these MRI machines, making them faster, making them better, them faster, making them better, them faster, making them better, I realized that a lot of the time they I realized that a lot of the time they I realized that a lot of the time they were being used to chase after symptoms. were being used to chase after symptoms. were being used to chase after symptoms. That we were telling people remarkable, That we were telling people remarkable, That we were telling people remarkable, important information, but we were important information, but we were important information, but we were telling them too late. Like, oh gee, I'm telling them too late. Like, oh gee, I'm telling them too late. Like, oh gee, I'm sorry, you have an advanced invasive sorry, you have an advanced invasive sorry, you have an advanced invasive cancer. Is it any surprise that cancer. Is it any surprise that cancer. Is it any surprise that radiology departments don't get as many radiology departments don't get as many radiology departments don't get as many philanthropic donations as say surgery philanthropic donations as say surgery philanthropic donations as say surgery departments departments departments where the people who tell you you're where the people who tell you you're where the people who tell you you're sick. Right. And then we hand over to sick. Right. And then we hand over to sick. Right. And then we hand over to someone else to fix it. someone else to fix it. someone else to fix it. And it started dawning on me that maybe And it started dawning on me that maybe And it started dawning on me that maybe there's a way we can use there's a way we can use there's a way we can use these tools, our kind of best tools for these tools, our kind of best tools for these tools, our kind of best tools for visualization, first visualization, first visualization, first rather than last. rather than last. rather than last. But that involves overcoming a few But that involves overcoming a few But that involves overcoming a few obstacles. First of all, obstacles. First of all, obstacles. First of all, they're big and expensive, right? So a they're big and expensive, right? So a they're big and expensive, right? So a lot of people say, "Oh, we can't do lot of people say, "Oh, we can't do lot of people say, "Oh, we can't do imaging, you know, early because it's imaging, you know, early because it's imaging, you know, early because it's going to rack up medical costs, yeah. going to rack up medical costs, yeah. going to rack up medical costs, yeah. Then also, we have this weird problem Then also, we have this weird problem Then also, we have this weird problem that we see too much. that we see too much. that we see too much. If you put somebody in an MRI machine, If you put somebody in an MRI machine, If you put somebody in an MRI machine, you're going to find a little ditzel you're going to find a little ditzel you're going to find a little ditzel here or there. There's always going to here or there. There's always going to here or there. There's always going to be something you find which raises a be something you find which raises a be something you find which raises a question. And so this raises the whole question. And so this raises the whole question. And so this raises the whole big question of false positives. Meaning big question of false positives. Meaning big question of false positives. Meaning that you see something on there that you see something on there that you see something on there that looks like something, but it's that looks like something, but it's that looks like something, but it's really nothing. Exactly. Could this be a really nothing. Exactly. Could this be a really nothing. Exactly. Could this be a tumor? tumor? tumor? >> about it, and then you chase down and it >> about it, and then you chase down and it >> about it, and then you chase down and it That's right. creates worry and cost and That's right. creates worry and cost and That's right. creates worry and cost and interventions and All of those things. interventions and All of those things. interventions and All of those things. And and and those are the entirely And and and those are the entirely And and and those are the entirely understandable reasons people haven't understandable reasons people haven't understandable reasons people haven't used imaging proactively in the past for used imaging proactively in the past for used imaging proactively in the past for fear of running up those costs and fear of running up those costs and fear of running up those costs and creating that anxiety and giving people creating that anxiety and giving people creating that anxiety and giving people sort of these unnecessary tests. But as sort of these unnecessary tests. But as sort of these unnecessary tests. But as a physicist and a designer of machines, a physicist and a designer of machines, a physicist and a designer of machines, I started wondering, well, can we drive I started wondering, well, can we drive I started wondering, well, can we drive those false positive rates down? those false positive rates down? those false positive rates down? They're not God-given, They're not God-given, They're not God-given, right? They're not right? They're not right? They're not somehow attached to the devices. somehow attached to the devices. somehow attached to the devices. They have to do with the way we use the They have to do with the way we use the They have to do with the way we use the devices. devices. devices. And so what occurred to me after some And so what occurred to me after some And so what occurred to me after some time is, well, time is, well, time is, well, the problem is that we're not actually the problem is that we're not actually the problem is that we're not actually putting these images in context. putting these images in context. putting these images in context. We're used to getting these images and We're used to getting these images and We're used to getting these images and then looking at them that day, then looking at them that day, then looking at them that day, seeing what we see and saying, "Ah, seeing what we see and saying, "Ah, seeing what we see and saying, "Ah, you know, we're the we're the wise uh you know, we're the we're the wise uh you know, we're the we're the wise uh philosophers, philosophers, philosophers, uh you know, peering at the images and uh you know, peering at the images and uh you know, peering at the images and saying, 'Well, this is your future.'" saying, 'Well, this is your future.'" saying, 'Well, this is your future.'" Yeah. But if you want to predict the Yeah. But if you want to predict the Yeah. But if you want to predict the future, you should know the past. So future, you should know the past. So future, you should know the past. So what if we had previous images? what if we had previous images? what if we had previous images? What if we had a whole series of images What if we had a whole series of images What if we had a whole series of images over time? over time? over time? Then we could say, "You know what? I see Then we could say, "You know what? I see Then we could say, "You know what? I see this thing here, but I know it's normal this thing here, but I know it's normal this thing here, but I know it's normal for you. for you. for you. And in fact, radiologists do this all And in fact, radiologists do this all And in fact, radiologists do this all the time. If they see something and it the time. If they see something and it the time. If they see something and it hasn't really changed from last time, hasn't really changed from last time, hasn't really changed from last time, they might say, you know what? I'm not they might say, you know what? I'm not they might say, you know what? I'm not too worried. Come back in 6 months. Come too worried. Come back in 6 months. Come too worried. Come back in 6 months. Come back in a year. We call that an back in a year. We call that an back in a year. We call that an incidentaloma. Yeah, that's right. incidentaloma. Yeah, that's right. incidentaloma. Yeah, that's right. That's right. But we can actually That's right. But we can actually That's right. But we can actually understand incidentalomas if we've seen understand incidentalomas if we've seen understand incidentalomas if we've seen them before. And so this notion of using them before. And so this notion of using them before. And so this notion of using imaging over time imaging over time imaging over time and interpreting it in context and interpreting it in context and interpreting it in context became a kind of a revelation for me. A became a kind of a revelation for me. A became a kind of a revelation for me. 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Which is is it's so outside of our traditional is it's so outside of our traditional is it's so outside of our traditional thinking in medicine, which is thinking in medicine, which is thinking in medicine, which is to minimize diagnostic test, to rely on to minimize diagnostic test, to rely on to minimize diagnostic test, to rely on history, and to kind of wait until history, and to kind of wait until history, and to kind of wait until people are symptomatic or as you says people are symptomatic or as you says people are symptomatic or as you says you said in advanced stages of disease you said in advanced stages of disease you said in advanced stages of disease before we actually do something, which before we actually do something, which before we actually do something, which is is is kind of too late. Uh it's kind of kind of too late. Uh it's kind of kind of too late. Uh it's kind of getting too late to the party and then getting too late to the party and then getting too late to the party and then you're you often can't really help you're you often can't really help you're you often can't really help people or they have to go through a lot people or they have to go through a lot people or they have to go through a lot more ordeal and rigor in terms of more ordeal and rigor in terms of more ordeal and rigor in terms of treatment and expense and pain and treatment and expense and pain and treatment and expense and pain and suffering. suffering. suffering. What you're suggesting is that there's a What you're suggesting is that there's a What you're suggesting is that there's a way to use these technologies in a way to use these technologies in a way to use these technologies in a different way. That's right. Right? different way. That's right. Right? different way. That's right. Right? >> That's absolutely right. And to use them >> That's absolutely right. And to use them >> That's absolutely right. And to use them in a way that measures things over time in a way that measures things over time in a way that measures things over time in a longitudinal way and allows you to in a longitudinal way and allows you to in a longitudinal way and allows you to see the change over time. And then the see the change over time. And then the see the change over time. And then the imaging becomes faster, smarter, better imaging becomes faster, smarter, better imaging becomes faster, smarter, better because it keeps tracking your biology because it keeps tracking your biology because it keeps tracking your biology over time just like a lab test. Yes. We over time just like a lab test. Yes. We over time just like a lab test. Yes. We do we do this with lab tests when we do we do this with lab tests when we do we do this with lab tests when we check your blood sugar and you know, check your blood sugar and you know, check your blood sugar and you know, maybe it's rising well then intervene maybe it's rising well then intervene maybe it's rising well then intervene early hopefully or you'll see your PSA early hopefully or you'll see your PSA early hopefully or you'll see your PSA which is a prostate cancer test that you which is a prostate cancer test that you which is a prostate cancer test that you know, maybe slightly creeping up and we know, maybe slightly creeping up and we know, maybe slightly creeping up and we watch it and we can see over time how watch it and we can see over time how watch it and we can see over time how the change happens. We do this but in the change happens. We do this but in the change happens. We do this but in imaging it's not something that really imaging it's not something that really imaging it's not something that really is done and you're suggesting that's is done and you're suggesting that's is done and you're suggesting that's something we should do. Absolutely and something we should do. Absolutely and something we should do. Absolutely and in fact it's interesting you say that in fact it's interesting you say that in fact it's interesting you say that it's not done because traditionally it it's not done because traditionally it it's not done because traditionally it hasn't been but quietly there's been hasn't been but quietly there's been hasn't been but quietly there's been this paradigm of imaging surveillance. this paradigm of imaging surveillance. this paradigm of imaging surveillance. Say for tumors that has been building up Say for tumors that has been building up Say for tumors that has been building up in medical circles and in medical circles and in medical circles and hasn't necessarily been getting a lot of hasn't necessarily been getting a lot of hasn't necessarily been getting a lot of press but you know, if I go in and I press but you know, if I go in and I press but you know, if I go in and I have a moderate risk for prostate have a moderate risk for prostate have a moderate risk for prostate cancer. cancer. cancer. I may get I may get I may get an MRI every year an MRI every year an MRI every year and be followed. That MRI will be and be followed. That MRI will be and be followed. That MRI will be interpreted in context and when there's interpreted in context and when there's interpreted in context and when there's a sudden change in the findings then my a sudden change in the findings then my a sudden change in the findings then my doctor might say "Ooh, you know what? We doctor might say "Ooh, you know what? We doctor might say "Ooh, you know what? We better go to biopsy. We better check it better go to biopsy. We better check it better go to biopsy. We better check it out." So people have actually realized out." So people have actually realized out." So people have actually realized this paradigm but because imaging people this paradigm but because imaging people this paradigm but because imaging people tend to think of as a snapshot tend to think of as a snapshot tend to think of as a snapshot somehow that perspective hasn't pervaded somehow that perspective hasn't pervaded somehow that perspective hasn't pervaded and people still say "Well, you don't and people still say "Well, you don't and people still say "Well, you don't want to do it in people of low risk." want to do it in people of low risk." want to do it in people of low risk." You know, only do it in people with well You know, only do it in people with well You know, only do it in people with well established high risk and my argument is established high risk and my argument is established high risk and my argument is but most people out there in the world but most people out there in the world but most people out there in the world don't have a known risk. Shouldn't we be don't have a known risk. Shouldn't we be don't have a known risk. Shouldn't we be casting a protective net around them casting a protective net around them casting a protective net around them too? too? too? >> Yeah. If we can figure out how to make >> Yeah. If we can figure out how to make >> Yeah. If we can figure out how to make sure we're not you know, raising a false sure we're not you know, raising a false sure we're not you know, raising a false flag all the time. It's interesting. I I flag all the time. It's interesting. I I flag all the time. It's interesting. I I kind of want to to talk about this whole kind of want to to talk about this whole kind of want to to talk about this whole idea of of of false positives which is idea of of of false positives which is idea of of of false positives which is something that people will push back on something that people will push back on something that people will push back on which is and I want you to kind of which is and I want you to kind of which is and I want you to kind of explain this cuz you've written a lot explain this cuz you've written a lot explain this cuz you've written a lot about it and you've talked a lot about about it and you've talked a lot about about it and you've talked a lot about it and I think we're were on it now. I it and I think we're were on it now. I it and I think we're were on it now. I think it's important because think it's important because think it's important because my personal belief my personal belief my personal belief is that is that is that with the radically deflationary costs, with the radically deflationary costs, with the radically deflationary costs, with the potentially ubiquitous nature with the potentially ubiquitous nature with the potentially ubiquitous nature of these imaging technologies, which of these imaging technologies, which of these imaging technologies, which we'll talk about soon, we'll talk about soon, we'll talk about soon, with our ability to collect large with our ability to collect large with our ability to collect large personal health data sets from your lab personal health data sets from your lab personal health data sets from your lab testing to your medical history to testing to your medical history to testing to your medical history to gathering your EMR to wearables to all gathering your EMR to wearables to all gathering your EMR to wearables to all the omics, your genome, your proteome, the omics, your genome, your proteome, the omics, your genome, your proteome, your microbiome, your metabolome, your microbiome, your metabolome, your microbiome, your metabolome, to gathering imaging data, to gathering imaging data, to gathering imaging data, people want to aggregate that people want to aggregate that people want to aggregate that in a platform, a technology platform in a platform, a technology platform in a platform, a technology platform that allows you to track your biology that allows you to track your biology that allows you to track your biology over time and putting your biology over time and putting your biology over time and putting your biology online online online is is a revolution that we've never seen is is a revolution that we've never seen is is a revolution that we've never seen in medicine before. You and I, you know, in medicine before. You and I, you know, in medicine before. You and I, you know, as doctors, you know, if we see as doctors, you know, if we see as doctors, you know, if we see patients, we get and I had a patient patients, we get and I had a patient patients, we get and I had a patient like this yesterday who's got a chart like this yesterday who's got a chart like this yesterday who's got a chart from here and a chart from there and a from here and a chart from there and a from here and a chart from there and a lab from here and a lab from there and lab from here and a lab from there and lab from here and a lab from there and an imaging test from there and an an imaging test from there and an an imaging test from there and an imaging test from there and a scope from imaging test from there and a scope from imaging test from there and a scope from here and a scope from there and I'm here and a scope from there and I'm here and a scope from there and I'm literally, you know, having to aggregate literally, you know, having to aggregate literally, you know, having to aggregate all this, I'm having to gather all this all this, I'm having to gather all this all this, I'm having to gather all this data. That takes, you know, hours of my data. That takes, you know, hours of my data. That takes, you know, hours of my time or my team's time to get it ready time or my team's time to get it ready time or my team's time to get it ready for me. It's not very user-friendly for for me. It's not very user-friendly for for me. It's not very user-friendly for the doctor or for the consumer or the doctor or for the consumer or the doctor or for the consumer or patient. And what we're we're seeing now patient. And what we're we're seeing now patient. And what we're we're seeing now is with Function Health, which is I is with Function Health, which is I is with Function Health, which is I think why you've kind of left your big think why you've kind of left your big think why you've kind of left your big job at NYU, you were job at NYU, you were job at NYU, you were big big fancy job there and joined big big fancy job there and joined big big fancy job there and joined Function Health as a chief science Function Health as a chief science Function Health as a chief science officer because you see the future. officer because you see the future. officer because you see the future. You wrote a book called The Future of You wrote a book called The Future of You wrote a book called The Future of Seeing and you see the future in a Seeing and you see the future in a Seeing and you see the future in a different way, which is where medicine different way, which is where medicine different way, which is where medicine is going, which is a proactive, is going, which is a proactive, is going, which is a proactive, longitudinal, large personal health data longitudinal, large personal health data longitudinal, large personal health data set tracked over time that can can set tracked over time that can can set tracked over time that can can understand the biology just doesn't understand the biology just doesn't understand the biology just doesn't change overnight. It's a continuum of change overnight. It's a continuum of change overnight. It's a continuum of dysfunction. It's slow and progressive dysfunction. It's slow and progressive dysfunction. It's slow and progressive over many, many decades sometimes over many, many decades sometimes over many, many decades sometimes that we now can see. For example, we can that we now can see. For example, we can that we now can see. For example, we can tell on imaging and I mean you can talk tell on imaging and I mean you can talk tell on imaging and I mean you can talk about this, changes that can predict about this, changes that can predict about this, changes that can predict Alzheimer's decades decades before you Alzheimer's decades decades before you Alzheimer's decades decades before you forget your keys or you have a symptom. forget your keys or you have a symptom. forget your keys or you have a symptom. Mhm. Should we be doing that in people Mhm. Should we be doing that in people Mhm. Should we be doing that in people who are high risk? You know, there's who are high risk? You know, there's who are high risk? You know, there's there's ways of actually seeing changes there's ways of actually seeing changes there's ways of actually seeing changes that that are really important on on all that that are really important on on all that that are really important on on all these data sets, whether it's your blood these data sets, whether it's your blood these data sets, whether it's your blood sugar, your blood pressure, or your sugar, your blood pressure, or your sugar, your blood pressure, or your cholesterol, which we're kind of cholesterol, which we're kind of cholesterol, which we're kind of familiar with, or whether it's, you familiar with, or whether it's, you familiar with, or whether it's, you know, other things like, you know, if know, other things like, you know, if know, other things like, you know, if you have a a low vitamin D, maybe you're you have a a low vitamin D, maybe you're you have a a low vitamin D, maybe you're not symptomatic. And and by tracking not symptomatic. And and by tracking not symptomatic. And and by tracking stuff over time, we can start to really stuff over time, we can start to really stuff over time, we can start to really understand the human body in a way we've understand the human body in a way we've understand the human body in a way we've never done before. I'm just setting this never done before. I'm just setting this never done before. I'm just setting this conversation up because I want to dive conversation up because I want to dive conversation up because I want to dive into this this false positive into this this false positive into this this false positive conversation. I had a conversation with conversation. I had a conversation with conversation. I had a conversation with a friend of mine the other night. She a friend of mine the other night. She a friend of mine the other night. She was like, was like, was like, "I don't want to know. I've got "I don't want to know. I've got "I don't want to know. I've got Alzheimer's in my family, and I don't Alzheimer's in my family, and I don't Alzheimer's in my family, and I don't want to know if I have the gene for want to know if I have the gene for want to know if I have the gene for Alzheimer's." And I'm like, I explained Alzheimer's." And I'm like, I explained Alzheimer's." And I'm like, I explained to her, "Look, to her, "Look, to her, "Look, you might have a risk gene. you might have a risk gene. you might have a risk gene. So, APOE4, which is a risk gene for So, APOE4, which is a risk gene for So, APOE4, which is a risk gene for Alzheimer's, Alzheimer's, Alzheimer's, is common. is common. is common. And, you know, if you have a And, you know, if you have a And, you know, if you have a this gene or two copies of this gene this gene or two copies of this gene this gene or two copies of this gene from both your parents, you're in a much from both your parents, you're in a much from both your parents, you're in a much higher risk of getting Alzheimer's. It higher risk of getting Alzheimer's. It higher risk of getting Alzheimer's. It doesn't mean you're not going to get it. doesn't mean you're not going to get it. doesn't mean you're not going to get it. It means you're at higher risk. And then It means you're at higher risk. And then It means you're at higher risk. And then you go, "Okay, I know. I can be you go, "Okay, I know. I can be you go, "Okay, I know. I can be proactive about every other single thing proactive about every other single thing proactive about every other single thing that we know may influence the risk of that we know may influence the risk of that we know may influence the risk of getting Alzheimer's, from my diet to my getting Alzheimer's, from my diet to my getting Alzheimer's, from my diet to my exercise routine to my sleep management exercise routine to my sleep management exercise routine to my sleep management practices to my stress regulation to the practices to my stress regulation to the practices to my stress regulation to the right nutrient levels that I need to right nutrient levels that I need to right nutrient levels that I need to make sure I maintain the right hormone make sure I maintain the right hormone make sure I maintain the right hormone levels I need to maintain if I'm a woman levels I need to maintain if I'm a woman levels I need to maintain if I'm a woman or a man." Like, there's so much you can or a man." Like, there's so much you can or a man." Like, there's so much you can do. do. do. But she was like terrified to know. But she was like terrified to know. But she was like terrified to know. And I'm like, "No, no, this is not a And I'm like, "No, no, this is not a And I'm like, "No, no, this is not a predestiny. This is a a predis- predestiny. This is a a predis- predestiny. This is a a predis- position. position. position. And so, in in that way, I think we can And so, in in that way, I think we can And so, in in that way, I think we can kind of remove some of the fear by kind of remove some of the fear by kind of remove some of the fear by realizing this with our scientific realizing this with our scientific realizing this with our scientific knowledge now, there's such a moment for knowledge now, there's such a moment for knowledge now, there's such a moment for empowerment around knowing your own empowerment around knowing your own empowerment around knowing your own data. You know, I'd love Given that sort data. You know, I'd love Given that sort data. You know, I'd love Given that sort of background, and then I want to sort of background, and then I want to sort of background, and then I want to sort of dive into the medical intelligence of dive into the medical intelligence of dive into the medical intelligence framework because I think the framework because I think the framework because I think the longitudinal scanning is sort of the longitudinal scanning is sort of the longitudinal scanning is sort of the answer to the false positives, and maybe answer to the false positives, and maybe answer to the false positives, and maybe there's more, but it's also the answer there's more, but it's also the answer there's more, but it's also the answer to understanding your health in a better to understanding your health in a better to understanding your health in a better way. And it's understanding how to apply way. And it's understanding how to apply way. And it's understanding how to apply the advances in AI and medicine and the advances in AI and medicine and the advances in AI and medicine and science to you personally through what science to you personally through what science to you personally through what we call medical intelligence in our we call medical intelligence in our we call medical intelligence in our medical intelligence lab at Function medical intelligence lab at Function medical intelligence lab at Function Health. So, to take us through, you Health. So, to take us through, you Health. So, to take us through, you know, as a skeptics view, I'm I'm like know, as a skeptics view, I'm I'm like know, as a skeptics view, I'm I'm like Dr. Harvard here and I'm like oh, you Dr. Harvard here and I'm like oh, you Dr. Harvard here and I'm like oh, you know, this is expensive. It's it's too know, this is expensive. It's it's too know, this is expensive. It's it's too much to to do. You're going to get all much to to do. You're going to get all much to to do. You're going to get all these red herrings. You're going to these red herrings. You're going to these red herrings. You're going to chase down all these things. You're chase down all these things. You're chase down all these things. You're going to cause unnecessary suffering and going to cause unnecessary suffering and going to cause unnecessary suffering and worry and anxiety. Why should everybody worry and anxiety. Why should everybody worry and anxiety. Why should everybody get an MRI every year? Like a full body. get an MRI every year? Like a full body. get an MRI every year? Like a full body. I do it. You do it. We do it for I do it. You do it. We do it for I do it. You do it. We do it for ourselves. You know, we want it for our ourselves. You know, we want it for our ourselves. You know, we want it for our families. I just ordered on one of my families. I just ordered on one of my families. I just ordered on one of my staff members the night cuz I think he staff members the night cuz I think he staff members the night cuz I think he needs it. But like, why why is this so needs it. But like, why why is this so needs it. But like, why why is this so important and how do we get out of this important and how do we get out of this important and how do we get out of this this sort of fear mode or these worry this sort of fear mode or these worry this sort of fear mode or these worry mode about about too much information? mode about about too much information? mode about about too much information? Even that framing is interesting, isn't Even that framing is interesting, isn't Even that framing is interesting, isn't it? Too much information. it? Too much information. it? Too much information. Right? I mean, there's sort of this Right? I mean, there's sort of this Right? I mean, there's sort of this sense that, oh my goodness, sense that, oh my goodness, sense that, oh my goodness, we'll see too much. We won't know what we'll see too much. We won't know what we'll see too much. We won't know what to do with it. So, let's just close our to do with it. So, let's just close our to do with it. So, let's just close our eyes. eyes. eyes. And there was there was a time when that And there was there was a time when that And there was there was a time when that was appropriate, right? I mean, people was appropriate, right? I mean, people was appropriate, right? I mean, people often say in medicine, if a test isn't often say in medicine, if a test isn't often say in medicine, if a test isn't going to influence your going to influence your going to influence your treatment, Are you going to say decision treatment, Are you going to say decision treatment, Are you going to say decision making, yeah? your decision making, then making, yeah? your decision making, then making, yeah? your decision making, then don't do the test. And that's actually don't do the test. And that's actually don't do the test. And that's actually entirely legitimate. entirely legitimate. entirely legitimate. But as you were gesturing towards, we But as you were gesturing towards, we But as you were gesturing towards, we live in live in live in a very different time than even just a a very different time than even just a a very different time than even just a few years ago. few years ago. few years ago. Now we live in a time of big data and Now we live in a time of big data and Now we live in a time of big data and AI. AI. AI. When we can collate a large collection When we can collate a large collection When we can collate a large collection of data of data of data and we can use AI and we can use AI and we can use AI to connect it over time, to look for to connect it over time, to look for to connect it over time, to look for subtle changes, for subtle patterns subtle changes, for subtle patterns subtle changes, for subtle patterns at a scope that's hard for a single at a scope that's hard for a single at a scope that's hard for a single human mind to do. human mind to do. human mind to do. And so, I think, you know, my And so, I think, you know, my And so, I think, you know, my recommendation isn't just go out and get recommendation isn't just go out and get recommendation isn't just go out and get a traditional MRI and have people read a traditional MRI and have people read a traditional MRI and have people read it in the same way they always did, it in the same way they always did, it in the same way they always did, looking only at today. Yeah. My looking only at today. Yeah. My looking only at today. Yeah. My recommendation is establish a baseline recommendation is establish a baseline recommendation is establish a baseline for yourself. for yourself. for yourself. And I think it's up to us in medical And I think it's up to us in medical And I think it's up to us in medical intelligence and up to the broader intelligence and up to the broader intelligence and up to the broader community to figure out how we deal with community to figure out how we deal with community to figure out how we deal with this multifaceted data. this multifaceted data. this multifaceted data. And I'll give you just a couple of And I'll give you just a couple of And I'll give you just a couple of examples coming from work in my NYU lab examples coming from work in my NYU lab examples coming from work in my NYU lab before I I made the jump to function. before I I made the jump to function. before I I made the jump to function. So, we took an AI model and trained it So, we took an AI model and trained it So, we took an AI model and trained it to predict your risk of clinically to predict your risk of clinically to predict your risk of clinically significant prostate cancer in 5 years significant prostate cancer in 5 years significant prostate cancer in 5 years time based on time based on time based on today's images. today's images. today's images. Did an okay job, about as well as Did an okay job, about as well as Did an okay job, about as well as humans. Huge false positive rate, like humans. Huge false positive rate, like humans. Huge false positive rate, like 64% 64% 64% false positives. So, not very good at false positives. So, not very good at false positives. So, not very good at predicting on the MRIs for prostate predicting on the MRIs for prostate predicting on the MRIs for prostate cancer. So, not a very good prediction 5 cancer. So, not a very good prediction 5 cancer. So, not a very good prediction 5 years out. years out. years out. But then we did something interesting. But then we did something interesting. But then we did something interesting. We took that same model and we fed it We took that same model and we fed it We took that same model and we fed it last times images. last times images. last times images. And a year before, and a year before, And a year before, and a year before, And a year before, and a year before, and we also fed it some blood tests and and we also fed it some blood tests and and we also fed it some blood tests and some clinical data. some clinical data. some clinical data. And lo and behold, the more prior And lo and behold, the more prior And lo and behold, the more prior information and the more diverse the information and the more diverse the information and the more diverse the information we gave the model, the more information we gave the model, the more information we gave the model, the more the false positive rate dropped until it the false positive rate dropped until it the false positive rate dropped until it was below 10%. was below 10%. was below 10%. So, an order of magnitude reduction So, an order of magnitude reduction So, an order of magnitude reduction in false positive rate just by in false positive rate just by in false positive rate just by incorporating context. The second thing incorporating context. The second thing incorporating context. The second thing we did So, in a medical sense, more we did So, in a medical sense, more we did So, in a medical sense, more information helps you make better information helps you make better information helps you make better decisions. Exactly. So, instead of "Gee, decisions. Exactly. So, instead of "Gee, decisions. Exactly. So, instead of "Gee, we don't know what to do with it, let's we don't know what to do with it, let's we don't know what to do with it, let's close our eyes." The idea is let's close our eyes." The idea is let's close our eyes." The idea is let's incorporate everything we know. incorporate everything we know. incorporate everything we know. Now, we need to build the models to do Now, we need to build the models to do Now, we need to build the models to do it, it, it, but the example I just showed you shows but the example I just showed you shows but the example I just showed you shows that it is in fact possible. that it is in fact possible. that it is in fact possible. Even in a pretty simple prediction model Even in a pretty simple prediction model Even in a pretty simple prediction model to incorporate context. to incorporate context. to incorporate context. And you know, I mean, as a master of And you know, I mean, as a master of And you know, I mean, as a master of functional medicine, right? Context is functional medicine, right? Context is functional medicine, right? Context is everything. everything. everything. >> It's everything, yeah. You can't just >> It's everything, yeah. You can't just >> It's everything, yeah. You can't just look at one look at one look at one organ system in isolation. You also organ system in isolation. You also organ system in isolation. You also can't just look at one time point in can't just look at one time point in can't just look at one time point in isolation. Looking at the patterns in isolation. Looking at the patterns in isolation. Looking at the patterns in the data over time. Exactly. the data over time. Exactly. the data over time. Exactly. >> Patterns in the data over time >> Patterns in the data over time >> Patterns in the data over time illuminate the real issues and whether illuminate the real issues and whether illuminate the real issues and whether there's something to do or not to do. there's something to do or not to do. there's something to do or not to do. 100%. As uh a, you know academic or 100%. As uh a, you know academic or 100%. As uh a, you know academic or former academic I need to say you know former academic I need to say you know former academic I need to say you know this paradigm is still evolving so it's this paradigm is still evolving so it's this paradigm is still evolving so it's not like every MRI you get is going to not like every MRI you get is going to not like every MRI you get is going to be put in context in this way but in the be put in context in this way but in the be put in context in this way but in the future that's exactly what we're aiming future that's exactly what we're aiming future that's exactly what we're aiming at. We want your MRI at. We want your MRI at. We want your MRI to be to be to be you know hand in hand with your blood you know hand in hand with your blood you know hand in hand with your blood tests and your genetics and your tests and your genetics and your tests and your genetics and your proteomics and all of this because that proteomics and all of this because that proteomics and all of this because that rich context is going to eliminate rich context is going to eliminate rich context is going to eliminate many of those false positives and give many of those false positives and give many of those false positives and give you the guide you need. And then through you the guide you need. And then through you the guide you need. And then through what we're really building at function what we're really building at function what we're really building at function was the place where you can was the place where you can was the place where you can get access to your own biology. Before get access to your own biology. Before get access to your own biology. Before you had to go through this firewall of you had to go through this firewall of you had to go through this firewall of doctors and insurance companies and doctors and insurance companies and doctors and insurance companies and you know maybe they would order it maybe you know maybe they would order it maybe you know maybe they would order it maybe they wouldn't order it. You you wouldn't they wouldn't order it. You you wouldn't they wouldn't order it. You you wouldn't be able to really know what's going on be able to really know what's going on be able to really know what's going on with your own biology. We have a with your own biology. We have a with your own biology. We have a dashboard for your car why wouldn't you dashboard for your car why wouldn't you dashboard for your car why wouldn't you have a dashboard for your body? And have a dashboard for your body? And have a dashboard for your body? And we're talking about this establishing we're talking about this establishing we're talking about this establishing you know like a you know like a you know like a like those thousand point sensors you like those thousand point sensors you like those thousand point sensors you know you go to your take your fancy know you go to your take your fancy know you go to your take your fancy electronic car in and they hook it up to electronic car in and they hook it up to electronic car in and they hook it up to the these machines and they just run the these machines and they just run the these machines and they just run through all these tests and I'm like through all these tests and I'm like through all these tests and I'm like this is amazing. We don't have that for this is amazing. We don't have that for this is amazing. We don't have that for our body you know. We don't have the our body you know. We don't have the our body you know. We don't have the dashboard that tells us how to navigate dashboard that tells us how to navigate dashboard that tells us how to navigate what's going on in our life. what's going on in our life. what's going on in our life. And so we're And so we're And so we're often at the effect of things rather often at the effect of things rather often at the effect of things rather than being at the cause of our life you than being at the cause of our life you than being at the cause of our life you know in proactive way empowering know in proactive way empowering know in proactive way empowering ourselves with the knowledge information ourselves with the knowledge information ourselves with the knowledge information to prevent disease and to find things to prevent disease and to find things to prevent disease and to find things early and to actually reverse things early and to actually reverse things early and to actually reverse things before they become problematic. before they become problematic. before they become problematic. One one of the things that's also One one of the things that's also One one of the things that's also happened is the ability I think to to happened is the ability I think to to happened is the ability I think to to really improve the the speed and the the really improve the the speed and the the really improve the the speed and the the the access and the cost. So can you talk the access and the cost. So can you talk the access and the cost. So can you talk about that cuz and I remember going to about that cuz and I remember going to about that cuz and I remember going to get my knee I had a knee issue cuz I get my knee I had a knee issue cuz I get my knee I had a knee issue cuz I jumped off a golf cart and I kind of jumped off a golf cart and I kind of jumped off a golf cart and I kind of tore my meniscus and I was like oh my tore my meniscus and I was like oh my tore my meniscus and I was like oh my knees so I'm going to go get an MRI. knees so I'm going to go get an MRI. knees so I'm going to go get an MRI. And so I I went to get an MRI and it was And so I I went to get an MRI and it was And so I I went to get an MRI and it was like 2500 bucks for my knee. like 2500 bucks for my knee. like 2500 bucks for my knee. And now we're talking about 499 or 999 And now we're talking about 499 or 999 And now we're talking about 499 or 999 for a whole body MRI. So how how is that for a whole body MRI. So how how is that for a whole body MRI. So how how is that taking us down the road to making this taking us down the road to making this taking us down the road to making this more accessible and affordable? And more accessible and affordable? And more accessible and affordable? And also, you know, how do we how do we also, you know, how do we how do we also, you know, how do we how do we think about using that? think about using that? think about using that? >> So, here's the really interesting thing. >> So, here's the really interesting thing. >> So, here's the really interesting thing. In the future, and I think it's actually In the future, and I think it's actually In the future, and I think it's actually pretty the near pretty near future, pretty the near pretty near future, pretty the near pretty near future, the more we image you, the faster we can the more we image you, the faster we can the more we image you, the faster we can scan you next time. scan you next time. scan you next time. Is this actually the same machine? No. Is this actually the same machine? No. Is this actually the same machine? No. It doesn't. The faster and the cheaper It doesn't. The faster and the cheaper It doesn't. The faster and the cheaper we can scan you next time. And I'll I'll we can scan you next time. And I'll I'll we can scan you next time. And I'll I'll give you one other example that came out give you one other example that came out give you one other example that came out of work from from my lab. Basically, of work from from my lab. Basically, of work from from my lab. Basically, what we found is what we found is what we found is if we've only if this is the first time if we've only if this is the first time if we've only if this is the first time we're seeing you, we need a requisite we're seeing you, we need a requisite we're seeing you, we need a requisite amount of data. We need the scanner to amount of data. We need the scanner to amount of data. We need the scanner to gather a certain number of views of the gather a certain number of views of the gather a certain number of views of the body to create that those slices we body to create that those slices we body to create that those slices we need. But if we've seen you before, this need. But if we've seen you before, this need. But if we've seen you before, this time we trained another neural network time we trained another neural network time we trained another neural network whose job is to take those different whose job is to take those different whose job is to take those different views and assemble them into a a set of views and assemble them into a a set of views and assemble them into a a set of images. Mhm. images. Mhm. images. Mhm. And we tried taking a drastically And we tried taking a drastically And we tried taking a drastically reduced set reduced set reduced set of views. 20 times less data, 30 times of views. 20 times less data, 30 times of views. 20 times less data, 30 times less data than you would need less data than you would need less data than you would need for a traditional image. In other words, for a traditional image. In other words, for a traditional image. In other words, 20 or 30 times faster. 20 or 30 times faster. 20 or 30 times faster. And we found that the neural network, if And we found that the neural network, if And we found that the neural network, if it had your prior scans, it had your prior scans, it had your prior scans, could generate a perfect high-quality could generate a perfect high-quality could generate a perfect high-quality image Wow. 20 to 30 times faster with 20 image Wow. 20 to 30 times faster with 20 image Wow. 20 to 30 times faster with 20 to 30 times less data. Why? Because we to 30 times less data. Why? Because we to 30 times less data. Why? Because we already knew the rudiments about you and already knew the rudiments about you and already knew the rudiments about you and your anatomy. All we needed to look for your anatomy. All we needed to look for your anatomy. All we needed to look for was change. So, once we have that was change. So, once we have that was change. So, once we have that baseline, not only can we predict your baseline, not only can we predict your baseline, not only can we predict your health better, but we can also scan you health better, but we can also scan you health better, but we can also scan you faster. And it turns out, another thing faster. And it turns out, another thing faster. And it turns out, another thing we tried was, what if we use worse data? we tried was, what if we use worse data? we tried was, what if we use worse data? What if we use data from a low-power MRI What if we use data from a low-power MRI What if we use data from a low-power MRI machine? machine? machine? Or maybe from an MRI machine we might Or maybe from an MRI machine we might Or maybe from an MRI machine we might build into a seat build into a seat build into a seat that would otherwise give pretty that would otherwise give pretty that would otherwise give pretty lousy-looking images. We did that lousy-looking images. We did that lousy-looking images. We did that simulation, and we found that actually simulation, and we found that actually simulation, and we found that actually we can get away with much worse data. we can get away with much worse data. we can get away with much worse data. Interesting. If we have that prior Interesting. If we have that prior Interesting. If we have that prior information about you, so once again, information about you, so once again, information about you, so once again, context is everything. If we have the context is everything. If we have the context is everything. If we have the context, context, context, maybe we don't need these big maybe we don't need these big maybe we don't need these big multi-million dollar tubes. Yeah. Once multi-million dollar tubes. Yeah. Once multi-million dollar tubes. Yeah. Once we've seen you at least once, maybe we we've seen you at least once, maybe we we've seen you at least once, maybe we can put something in a chair, in a bed, can put something in a chair, in a bed, can put something in a chair, in a bed, in a CVS, in a CVS, in a CVS, in your home, in your home, in your home, at drastically reduced cost. So, more at drastically reduced cost. So, more at drastically reduced cost. So, more imaging, paradoxically, imaging, paradoxically, imaging, paradoxically, allows cheaper imaging. allows cheaper imaging. allows cheaper imaging. >> But do you have to use the same >> But do you have to use the same >> But do you have to use the same machines? Like you have a Siemens one machines? Like you have a Siemens one machines? Like you have a Siemens one machine or GE another machine. Can it machine or GE another machine. Can it machine or GE another machine. Can it kind of How do you How do they gather kind of How do you How do they gather kind of How do you How do they gather that data from the past? So, there's a that data from the past? So, there's a that data from the past? So, there's a logistical challenge of how do you bring logistical challenge of how do you bring logistical challenge of how do you bring your past images from another machine your past images from another machine your past images from another machine into today's machine so that it can do into today's machine so that it can do into today's machine so that it can do this. this. this. But that's just logistics. I mean, But that's just logistics. I mean, But that's just logistics. I mean, nowadays, we have, you know, digital nowadays, we have, you know, digital nowadays, we have, you know, digital image transport systems and and so on. image transport systems and and so on. image transport systems and and so on. But what we found is it doesn't need to But what we found is it doesn't need to But what we found is it doesn't need to be The image doesn't need to be exactly be The image doesn't need to be exactly be The image doesn't need to be exactly the same last time as this time. In the same last time as this time. In the same last time as this time. In fact, we used different contrasts last fact, we used different contrasts last fact, we used different contrasts last time, and it still informs, time, and it still informs, time, and it still informs, you know, uh your imaging this time. So, you know, uh your imaging this time. So, you know, uh your imaging this time. So, this is actually part of something I this is actually part of something I this is actually part of something I think you may have referred to it before think you may have referred to it before think you may have referred to it before uh that I call the everywhere scanner uh that I call the everywhere scanner uh that I call the everywhere scanner vision. Yeah. If we have enough vision. Yeah. If we have enough vision. Yeah. If we have enough information about you, if we've done the information about you, if we've done the information about you, if we've done the advanced imaging, the advanced blood advanced imaging, the advanced blood advanced imaging, the advanced blood testing up front, testing up front, testing up front, then for the interval scanning, then for the interval scanning, then for the interval scanning, maybe maybe maybe we can use cheap scanners. Maybe we can we can use cheap scanners. Maybe we can we can use cheap scanners. Maybe we can even use constellations of wearable even use constellations of wearable even use constellations of wearable devices on your clothes because all they devices on your clothes because all they devices on your clothes because all they need to do is measure a change. That's need to do is measure a change. That's need to do is measure a change. That's amazing. Which means we can move amazing. Which means we can move amazing. Which means we can move healthcare not only more proactive, but healthcare not only more proactive, but healthcare not only more proactive, but also make it more continuous. also make it more continuous. also make it more continuous. Now, if you know me, you know I spend a Now, if you know me, you know I spend a Now, if you know me, you know I spend a lot of time in my own life learning how lot of time in my own life learning how lot of time in my own life learning how important it is to support the nervous important it is to support the nervous important it is to support the nervous system and get restorative sleep. In system and get restorative sleep. In system and get restorative sleep. In today's world, many of us are stuck in today's world, many of us are stuck in today's world, many of us are stuck in constant fight-or-flight, always-on, constant fight-or-flight, always-on, constant fight-or-flight, always-on, always-stressed mode. And that's hard on always-stressed mode. And that's hard on always-stressed mode. And that's hard on the body, and it makes it hard to the body, and it makes it hard to the body, and it makes it hard to recover, to repair, to sleep deeply. And recover, to repair, to sleep deeply. And recover, to repair, to sleep deeply. And one tool that's non-negotiable for me is one tool that's non-negotiable for me is one tool that's non-negotiable for me is my sauna time. Stepping in my sauna my sauna time. Stepping in my sauna my sauna time. Stepping in my sauna helps shift the body into helps shift the body into helps shift the body into parasympathetic mode, the rest and parasympathetic mode, the rest and parasympathetic mode, the rest and repair state where detoxification, repair state where detoxification, repair state where detoxification, recovery, and hormone balance can work recovery, and hormone balance can work recovery, and hormone balance can work most efficiently. It also improves most efficiently. It also improves most efficiently. It also improves circulation while helping calm the circulation while helping calm the circulation while helping calm the nervous system. And many people notice nervous system. And many people notice nervous system. And many people notice that regular sauna sessions improve that regular sauna sessions improve that regular sauna sessions improve relaxation and sleep quality. For me, an relaxation and sleep quality. For me, an relaxation and sleep quality. For me, an evening sauna is a signal to my body evening sauna is a signal to my body evening sauna is a signal to my body slow down, letting me rest more deeply. slow down, letting me rest more deeply. slow down, letting me rest more deeply. And Sunlighten's impulse sauna even has And Sunlighten's impulse sauna even has And Sunlighten's impulse sauna even has six custom programs like relaxation and six custom programs like relaxation and six custom programs like relaxation and detoxification, so you can step in, detoxification, so you can step in, detoxification, so you can step in, choose your session, and let it do the choose your session, and let it do the choose your session, and let it do the work. If you want to support your sleep, work. 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So, head over to paleovalley.com/hyman So, head over to paleovalley.com/hyman So, head over to paleovalley.com/hyman today for 15% off, or use the code Hyman today for 15% off, or use the code Hyman today for 15% off, or use the code Hyman at checkout. That's p a l e o at checkout. That's p a l e o at checkout. That's p a l e o valley.com/hyman valley.com/hyman valley.com/hyman for 15% off and use the code Hyman. for 15% off and use the code Hyman. for 15% off and use the code Hyman. Great. It's still like What was the Great. It's still like What was the Great. It's still like What was the guy's name? Bones from Star Trek? guy's name? Bones from Star Trek? guy's name? Bones from Star Trek? >> Yes. Yes. >> Yes. Yes. >> Yes. Yes. >> [laughter] >> [laughter] >> [laughter] >> The guy with the the >> The guy with the the >> The guy with the the Tricorder? The tricorder The scanner for Tricorder? The tricorder The scanner for Tricorder? The tricorder The scanner for the I I would just tell you the the I I would just tell you the the I I would just tell you the tricorder has been like um a holy grail tricorder has been like um a holy grail tricorder has been like um a holy grail for imagers forever, right? Cuz it's for imagers forever, right? Cuz it's for imagers forever, right? Cuz it's this tiny little handheld device. You this tiny little handheld device. You this tiny little handheld device. You wave it in front of something somebody wave it in front of something somebody wave it in front of something somebody and you get everything you need. and you get everything you need. and you get everything you need. I actually think, and I talk about this I actually think, and I talk about this I actually think, and I talk about this in the book, I think the tricorder is a in the book, I think the tricorder is a in the book, I think the tricorder is a bit of a trick. bit of a trick. bit of a trick. I think it's actually not its own device I think it's actually not its own device I think it's actually not its own device doing imaging. I think it has access to doing imaging. I think it has access to doing imaging. I think it has access to all of the records that Starfleet all of the records that Starfleet all of the records that Starfleet Academy had on you. Academy had on you. Academy had on you. >> Yeah. And all it's doing is looking for >> Yeah. And all it's doing is looking for >> Yeah. And all it's doing is looking for change. Yeah, that's amazing. That's change. Yeah, that's amazing. That's change. Yeah, that's amazing. That's amazing. So, um people understand that amazing. So, um people understand that amazing. So, um people understand that they can get blood work and and know a they can get blood work and and know a they can get blood work and and know a lot about their bodies and you know, a lot about their bodies and you know, a lot about their bodies and you know, a lot of people have have joined Function lot of people have have joined Function lot of people have have joined Function as members and are learning so much and as members and are learning so much and as members and are learning so much and we're seeing so much in the population we're seeing so much in the population we're seeing so much in the population that people are that people are that people are are discovering that you know, saves are discovering that you know, saves are discovering that you know, saves their lives from cancer or figures out their lives from cancer or figures out their lives from cancer or figures out they have autoimmune disease or figures they have autoimmune disease or figures they have autoimmune disease or figures out they have other problems that are out they have other problems that are out they have other problems that are really fixable. really fixable. really fixable. Um how how does imaging differ from Um how how does imaging differ from Um how how does imaging differ from blood work and what are we looking for? blood work and what are we looking for? blood work and what are we looking for? Mhm. Cuz people understand I'm looking Mhm. Cuz people understand I'm looking Mhm. Cuz people understand I'm looking for my cholesterol and blood sugar and for my cholesterol and blood sugar and for my cholesterol and blood sugar and my hormones or my vitamin D level or you my hormones or my vitamin D level or you my hormones or my vitamin D level or you know, whatever. My blood count and my know, whatever. My blood count and my know, whatever. My blood count and my immune system, but what what are we immune system, but what what are we immune system, but what what are we actually looking for and how does it actually looking for and how does it actually looking for and how does it differ from blood work? And then last differ from blood work? And then last differ from blood work? And then last question, question, question, how do you how do you think the two how do you how do you think the two how do you how do you think the two together together are better than either together together are better than either together together are better than either alone? So, I think blood tests give you alone? So, I think blood tests give you alone? So, I think blood tests give you biological and chemical context, right? biological and chemical context, right? biological and chemical context, right? It's the various biomarkers that your It's the various biomarkers that your It's the various biomarkers that your body is producing that tell us about the body is producing that tell us about the body is producing that tell us about the biological functioning and systems. biological functioning and systems. biological functioning and systems. Imaging is spatial context, right? I Imaging is spatial context, right? I Imaging is spatial context, right? I mean, if we were just undifferentiated mean, if we were just undifferentiated mean, if we were just undifferentiated bags of chemistry, bags of chemistry, bags of chemistry, then blood tests would be enough. We then blood tests would be enough. We then blood tests would be enough. We wouldn't need to know anything more. wouldn't need to know anything more. wouldn't need to know anything more. But we all know that bodies are sort of But we all know that bodies are sort of But we all know that bodies are sort of these complex bio-weavings. And it these complex bio-weavings. And it these complex bio-weavings. And it matters what's where, when. matters what's where, when. matters what's where, when. And so imaging, as I see it, is what And so imaging, as I see it, is what And so imaging, as I see it, is what puts all of this chemistry in context, puts all of this chemistry in context, puts all of this chemistry in context, in spatial context. in spatial context. in spatial context. Which leads naturally to the question of Which leads naturally to the question of Which leads naturally to the question of synergy. synergy. synergy. Like, you want both, right? You want to Like, you want both, right? You want to Like, you want both, right? You want to know what's where. know what's where. know what's where. And you also want to know what's the And you also want to know what's the And you also want to know what's the biological functioning in each position. biological functioning in each position. biological functioning in each position. And when you've got both, And when you've got both, And when you've got both, you sort of have this magic mixture. So, you sort of have this magic mixture. So, you sort of have this magic mixture. So, what do we look what do we look what do we look >> Structure function. >> Structure function. >> Structure function. >> Structure function, exactly. Um and so, >> Structure function, exactly. Um and so, >> Structure function, exactly. Um and so, what do you look for in imaging? Well, what do you look for in imaging? Well, what do you look for in imaging? Well, you look for tissue that's out of place, you look for tissue that's out of place, you look for tissue that's out of place, right? A tumor that might be growing right? A tumor that might be growing right? A tumor that might be growing where it shouldn't. where it shouldn't. where it shouldn't. You look for derangements of um You look for derangements of um You look for derangements of um the brain that the brain that the brain that tell you hints of, you know, Alzheimer's tell you hints of, you know, Alzheimer's tell you hints of, you know, Alzheimer's disease, things like that. Things that disease, things like that. Things that disease, things like that. Things that there may not be a circulating there may not be a circulating there may not be a circulating counterpart. There may not be something counterpart. There may not be something counterpart. There may not be something that was spit off and sent into the that was spit off and sent into the that was spit off and sent into the bloodstream, and so you can measure it bloodstream, and so you can measure it bloodstream, and so you can measure it in in a blood test. But you can see it in in a blood test. But you can see it in in a blood test. But you can see it inside you. You can see it where it is. inside you. You can see it where it is. inside you. You can see it where it is. >> there's no blood test for that. That >> there's no blood test for that. That >> there's no blood test for that. That exactly right. I I think this exactly right. I I think this exactly right. I I think this combination of biological, biochemical, combination of biological, biochemical, combination of biological, biochemical, and spatial and spatial and spatial context is really, context is really, context is really, you know, cooking with gas. Uh we are you know, cooking with gas. Uh we are you know, cooking with gas. Uh we are both part of Function Health, and we do both part of Function Health, and we do both part of Function Health, and we do imaging as part of the offerings we imaging as part of the offerings we imaging as part of the offerings we have. I I think it should be part of have. I I think it should be part of have. I I think it should be part of the, you know, the, you know, the, you know, the ultimately just part of the thing the ultimately just part of the thing the ultimately just part of the thing that everybody does, which is not just that everybody does, which is not just that everybody does, which is not just the blood or put all the imaging. What the blood or put all the imaging. What the blood or put all the imaging. What are we finding? Tell us some stories are we finding? Tell us some stories are we finding? Tell us some stories about what we're finding, cuz you know, about what we're finding, cuz you know, about what we're finding, cuz you know, you've been working with Ezra, which was you've been working with Ezra, which was you've been working with Ezra, which was a company that became part of Function a company that became part of Function a company that became part of Function for a long time, and you you've seen a for a long time, and you you've seen a for a long time, and you you've seen a lot of stories. And we're seeing a crazy lot of stories. And we're seeing a crazy lot of stories. And we're seeing a crazy stories of people What are people stories of people What are people stories of people What are people discovering, and what are they finding? discovering, and what are they finding? discovering, and what are they finding? Absolutely. And I'll I'll preface it by Absolutely. And I'll I'll preface it by Absolutely. And I'll I'll preface it by saying, you know, I know there are going saying, you know, I know there are going saying, you know, I know there are going to be some physicians out there who say, to be some physicians out there who say, to be some physicians out there who say, you know, any story I come out with, you know, any story I come out with, you know, any story I come out with, it's just an anecdote. It's not It's it's just an anecdote. It's not It's it's just an anecdote. It's not It's not, you know, not, you know, not, you know, randomized controlled trials and so on. randomized controlled trials and so on. randomized controlled trials and so on. I'll get back to that later cuz I think I'll get back to that later cuz I think I'll get back to that later cuz I think there's an answer for that, too. there's an answer for that, too. there's an answer for that, too. >> Anecdotal >> Anecdotal >> Anecdotal Anecdotal Anecdotal Anecdotal >> But no, I mean the obvious things >> But no, I mean the obvious things >> But no, I mean the obvious things clearly we have found tumors that people clearly we have found tumors that people clearly we have found tumors that people didn't know they had. didn't know they had. didn't know they had. >> And early, before they it kills them. >> And early, before they it kills them. >> And early, before they it kills them. >> Exactly. And that's the key. I mean, you >> Exactly. And that's the key. I mean, you >> Exactly. And that's the key. I mean, you know, our our friend and colleague Emmy know, our our friend and colleague Emmy know, our our friend and colleague Emmy Gall likes to say we already have a cure Gall likes to say we already have a cure Gall likes to say we already have a cure for cancer. It's early detection. Yeah. for cancer. It's early detection. Yeah. for cancer. It's early detection. Yeah. Because most cancers, if you catch them Because most cancers, if you catch them Because most cancers, if you catch them early enough before they become early enough before they become early enough before they become invasive, invasive, invasive, they're that much easier to get rid of they're that much easier to get rid of they're that much easier to get rid of with with with radiation, with with chemotherapy, with radiation, with with chemotherapy, with radiation, with with chemotherapy, with surgery. So we have found certainly surgery. So we have found certainly surgery. So we have found certainly prostate cancers, brain cancers, kidney prostate cancers, brain cancers, kidney prostate cancers, brain cancers, kidney cancers at such an early stage that they cancers at such an early stage that they cancers at such an early stage that they weren't giving anybody symptoms. That weren't giving anybody symptoms. That weren't giving anybody symptoms. That was the whole point. But what that meant was the whole point. But what that meant was the whole point. But what that meant is these people could then go in for is these people could then go in for is these people could then go in for therapy right away long before therapy right away long before therapy right away long before these things would have been discovered. these things would have been discovered. these things would have been discovered. >> Yeah. >> Yeah. >> Yeah. And it is saving their lives. There are And it is saving their lives. There are And it is saving their lives. There are any number of other kind of body areas any number of other kind of body areas any number of other kind of body areas where you can pick these things up. Ezra where you can pick these things up. Ezra where you can pick these things up. Ezra had a particular focus on cancer, which had a particular focus on cancer, which had a particular focus on cancer, which is sort of Yeah. obvious because early is sort of Yeah. obvious because early is sort of Yeah. obvious because early means life. But we can see the changes means life. But we can see the changes means life. But we can see the changes in the brain function structure. in the brain function structure. in the brain function structure. Absolutely. Absolutely. Absolutely. >> look at brain size changes. We can look >> look at brain size changes. We can look >> look at brain size changes. We can look at the structural pieces of the brain at the structural pieces of the brain at the structural pieces of the brain that change over time that could be that change over time that could be that change over time that could be linked to different diseases like linked to different diseases like linked to different diseases like dementia. We can also see, you know, dementia. We can also see, you know, dementia. We can also see, you know, interesting things in terms of body interesting things in terms of body interesting things in terms of body composition, fatty liver, cardio composition, fatty liver, cardio composition, fatty liver, cardio cardiovascular health, right? Coronary cardiovascular health, right? Coronary cardiovascular health, right? Coronary artery calcium scans have been shown artery calcium scans have been shown artery calcium scans have been shown actually with very good data to be actually with very good data to be actually with very good data to be predictive of cardiac cardiovascular predictive of cardiac cardiovascular predictive of cardiac cardiovascular risk. Right. And that we can see in a risk. Right. And that we can see in a risk. Right. And that we can see in a very straightforward way. Combine that very straightforward way. Combine that very straightforward way. Combine that with some of the cardiovascular with some of the cardiovascular with some of the cardiovascular biomarkers, biomarkers, biomarkers, and again, you're cooking with gas. and again, you're cooking with gas. and again, you're cooking with gas. Yeah, I think that's it. I think you Yeah, I think that's it. I think you Yeah, I think that's it. I think you know, the combination is important. And know, the combination is important. And know, the combination is important. And I don't know if you remember that I don't know if you remember that I don't know if you remember that textbook we had in second year medical textbook we had in second year medical textbook we had in second year medical school called Robbins and Cotran. school called Robbins and Cotran. school called Robbins and Cotran. >> Oh, yes. The patho is [laughter] called >> Oh, yes. The patho is [laughter] called >> Oh, yes. The patho is [laughter] called the pathophysiologic basis of disease. the pathophysiologic basis of disease. the pathophysiologic basis of disease. And I went back I still have the my copy And I went back I still have the my copy And I went back I still have the my copy from like 1984. from like 1984. from like 1984. >> too. We were class we were mammogram we >> too. We were class we were mammogram we >> too. We were class we were mammogram we have, you know, thing PSA we screen for have, you know, thing PSA we screen for have, you know, thing PSA we screen for but like most cancers we don't even but like most cancers we don't even but like most cancers we don't even screen for. screen for. screen for. And when you combine that and those two And when you combine that and those two And when you combine that and those two and I think emerging proteomic data, and I think emerging proteomic data, and I think emerging proteomic data, which is coming. When proteo proteomics which is coming. When proteo proteomics which is coming. When proteo proteomics are basically proteins that the body are basically proteins that the body are basically proteins that the body makes and these cancers spit off these makes and these cancers spit off these makes and these cancers spit off these proteins that we use sometimes already proteins that we use sometimes already proteins that we use sometimes already to detect um cancer or follow to detect um cancer or follow to detect um cancer or follow progression like alpha protein or CEA progression like alpha protein or CEA progression like alpha protein or CEA and CA 125 for ovarian cancer. These are and CA 125 for ovarian cancer. These are and CA 125 for ovarian cancer. These are things that we've been using in medicine things that we've been using in medicine things that we've been using in medicine a long time, but they're they're used a long time, but they're they're used a long time, but they're they're used kind of lately. They're used to manage kind of lately. They're used to manage kind of lately. They're used to manage the disease, to track progress. But if the disease, to track progress. But if the disease, to track progress. But if you combine these and using AI, this is you combine these and using AI, this is you combine these and using AI, this is the this is the this is the amazing the this is the this is the amazing the this is the this is the amazing thing about this data. Um so this is thing about this data. Um so this is thing about this data. Um so this is this is coming soon. this is coming soon. this is coming soon. There these large these large databases There these large these large databases There these large these large databases of cancer survivors and they have of cancer survivors and they have of cancer survivors and they have biobanks where they collected their biobanks where they collected their biobanks where they collected their blood. They may be able to go back and blood. They may be able to go back and blood. They may be able to go back and say, "Okay, well, let's look at all the say, "Okay, well, let's look at all the say, "Okay, well, let's look at all the patients with lung cancer, all the patients with lung cancer, all the patients with lung cancer, all the patients with pancreatic cancer, all the patients with pancreatic cancer, all the patients with pancreatic cancer, all the patients with colon cancer, all the patients with colon cancer, all the patients with colon cancer, all the patients with prostate cancer, all the patients with prostate cancer, all the patients with prostate cancer, all the patients with breast cancer. What do patients with breast cancer. What do patients with breast cancer. What do they have in common?" You mean within they have in common?" You mean within they have in common?" You mean within each cancer. And then they can go back each cancer. And then they can go back each cancer. And then they can go back and check this blood and screen 5 years and check this blood and screen 5 years and check this blood and screen 5 years ago and see these these proteins that ago and see these these proteins that ago and see these these proteins that get expressed. And they're able to get expressed. And they're able to get expressed. And they're able to through AI make sense of all that through AI make sense of all that through AI make sense of all that because it's like if you've got, you because it's like if you've got, you because it's like if you've got, you know, millions of data points and the know, millions of data points and the know, millions of data points and the average doctor can't Well, no doctor, average doctor can't Well, no doctor, average doctor can't Well, no doctor, even a brilliant doctor can't like you, even a brilliant doctor can't like you, even a brilliant doctor can't like you, can't sort through all that. And so can't sort through all that. And so can't sort through all that. And so using, like you said, big data and AI using, like you said, big data and AI using, like you said, big data and AI with with our understanding of biology, with with our understanding of biology, with with our understanding of biology, we're we're entering a new era of we're we're entering a new era of we're we're entering a new era of medicine. This is the era of medical medicine. This is the era of medical medicine. This is the era of medical intelligence. That's that's what I'm intelligence. That's that's what I'm intelligence. That's that's what I'm talking about when I say that. talking about when I say that. talking about when I say that. >> I agree entirely and I obviously voted >> I agree entirely and I obviously voted >> I agree entirely and I obviously voted with my feet to that effect. with my feet to that effect. with my feet to that effect. >> Can I get back for just a second to the >> Can I get back for just a second to the >> Can I get back for just a second to the kind of clinical trials question cuz kind of clinical trials question cuz kind of clinical trials question cuz that is one of the things that gets that is one of the things that gets that is one of the things that gets thrown out a lot as a concern. Like, thrown out a lot as a concern. Like, thrown out a lot as a concern. Like, "Okay, all of this is wonderful in "Okay, all of this is wonderful in "Okay, all of this is wonderful in principle. principle. principle. It makes sense, but where's the data?" It makes sense, but where's the data?" It makes sense, but where's the data?" And should we be proceeding until we And should we be proceeding until we And should we be proceeding until we have the data? have the data? have the data? And I actually want to go back to And I actually want to go back to And I actually want to go back to another time in history, the 1970s, another time in history, the 1970s, another time in history, the 1970s, when all of these tomographic imaging when all of these tomographic imaging when all of these tomographic imaging techniques, MRI, CT, PET, ultrasound techniques, MRI, CT, PET, ultrasound techniques, MRI, CT, PET, ultrasound were being developed. were being developed. were being developed. Back then, Back then, Back then, the value of knowing what was where in the value of knowing what was where in the value of knowing what was where in the body was obvious. the body was obvious. the body was obvious. So, there were a thousand CT scans in So, there were a thousand CT scans in So, there were a thousand CT scans in hospitals hospitals hospitals between 1971 when CT developed and 1979 between 1971 when CT developed and 1979 between 1971 when CT developed and 1979 when when when um the inventors got the Nobel Prize for um the inventors got the Nobel Prize for um the inventors got the Nobel Prize for it. it. it. There were no large-scale clinical There were no large-scale clinical There were no large-scale clinical trials showing the efficacy of seeing trials showing the efficacy of seeing trials showing the efficacy of seeing versus not seeing. versus not seeing. versus not seeing. Now, I'm not suggesting we should throw Now, I'm not suggesting we should throw Now, I'm not suggesting we should throw caution to the winds. caution to the winds. caution to the winds. We should absolutely be gathering data We should absolutely be gathering data We should absolutely be gathering data as we go and in fact, big data allows us as we go and in fact, big data allows us as we go and in fact, big data allows us in some ways to do almost real-time in some ways to do almost real-time in some ways to do almost real-time trials as we go. But, to say, "Listen, trials as we go. But, to say, "Listen, trials as we go. But, to say, "Listen, I'm not going to do anything until the I'm not going to do anything until the I'm not going to do anything until the data is there." data is there." data is there." I think that's one extreme I think that's one extreme I think that's one extreme of a kind of spectrum of a kind of spectrum of a kind of spectrum that we should be thinking about. I that we should be thinking about. I that we should be thinking about. I think there's this kind of protective think there's this kind of protective think there's this kind of protective instinct which I as as somebody in instinct which I as as somebody in instinct which I as as somebody in medicine I believe in. medicine I believe in. medicine I believe in. But, I don't want to be protecting But, I don't want to be protecting But, I don't want to be protecting patients, protecting people patients, protecting people patients, protecting people from this new era that's coming. I want from this new era that's coming. I want from this new era that's coming. I want to figure out how we how we make it to figure out how we how we make it to figure out how we how we make it happen as quickly as possible and happen as quickly as possible and happen as quickly as possible and measure as we go. Yeah, I mean, how do measure as we go. Yeah, I mean, how do measure as we go. Yeah, I mean, how do we not get ahead of ourselves? But, you we not get ahead of ourselves? But, you we not get ahead of ourselves? But, you know, in a perfect world, know, in a perfect world, know, in a perfect world, we would we would bring the cost way we would we would bring the cost way we would we would bring the cost way down. We'd allow people access large down. We'd allow people access large down. We'd allow people access large data sets themselves. We'd be able to data sets themselves. We'd be able to data sets themselves. We'd be able to track over time. We'd be able to see track over time. We'd be able to see track over time. We'd be able to see where they're headed and what to do where they're headed and what to do where they're headed and what to do about it. And that's really what about it. And that's really what about it. And that's really what Functional Health was designed to do. Functional Health was designed to do. Functional Health was designed to do. That's why we created the company was to That's why we created the company was to That's why we created the company was to empower people to be the CEO of their empower people to be the CEO of their empower people to be the CEO of their own health, to be empowered to own their own health, to be empowered to own their own health, to be empowered to own their own data, to be able to have a own data, to be able to have a own data, to be able to have a data-driven healthcare and medical data-driven healthcare and medical data-driven healthcare and medical system, and to use big data and and AI system, and to use big data and and AI system, and to use big data and and AI analytics to understand all this massive analytics to understand all this massive analytics to understand all this massive amounts of information. How many like amounts of information. How many like amounts of information. How many like how many gigabytes or terabytes is like how many gigabytes or terabytes is like how many gigabytes or terabytes is like a full dense MRI body? It's like a lot, a full dense MRI body? It's like a lot, a full dense MRI body? It's like a lot, right? You can't even store it on your right? You can't even store it on your right? You can't even store it on your computer. Yeah, that's right. It's a computer. Yeah, that's right. It's a computer. Yeah, that's right. It's a bunch of gigabytes per person per bunch of gigabytes per person per bunch of gigabytes per person per session. You know, what I what I want to session. You know, what I what I want to session. You know, what I what I want to sort of have people understand is like sort of have people understand is like sort of have people understand is like who should who should who should and when should somebody think about and when should somebody think about and when should somebody think about starting to get their first baseline starting to get their first baseline starting to get their first baseline MRI? Is it when you're 20 or 50 or 100? MRI? Is it when you're 20 or 50 or 100? MRI? Is it when you're 20 or 50 or 100? Right. Well, again, it's hard to point Right. Well, again, it's hard to point Right. Well, again, it's hard to point to a a data-driven to a a data-driven to a a data-driven age because it varies for the particular age because it varies for the particular age because it varies for the particular thing you're looking for and all of thing you're looking for and all of thing you're looking for and all of that. I guess I would reframe it and say that. I guess I would reframe it and say that. I guess I would reframe it and say I think everybody should have a I think everybody should have a I think everybody should have a baseline. baseline. baseline. A baseline scan because A baseline scan because A baseline scan because you know, and okay, maybe not well, the you know, and okay, maybe not well, the you know, and okay, maybe not well, the body is still developing when you're you body is still developing when you're you body is still developing when you're you know, five or 12 or something. Although, know, five or 12 or something. Although, know, five or 12 or something. Although, you know, there's some argument there, you know, there's some argument there, you know, there's some argument there, too. too. too. But, the whole point is we want to be But, the whole point is we want to be But, the whole point is we want to be able to measure change in your body. We able to measure change in your body. We able to measure change in your body. We want to be able to know what's normal. want to be able to know what's normal. want to be able to know what's normal. And so, I think at the very least that And so, I think at the very least that And so, I think at the very least that reference scan reference scan reference scan there's no reason for that not to be there's no reason for that not to be there's no reason for that not to be done early. Like in your 20s? In your done early. Like in your 20s? In your done early. Like in your 20s? In your 20s. 20s. 20s. As long as the people who are As long as the people who are As long as the people who are interpreting it interpreting it interpreting it aren't jumping the gun and freaking out aren't jumping the gun and freaking out aren't jumping the gun and freaking out at everything they see. at everything they see. at everything they see. So, the problem with that first scan is So, the problem with that first scan is So, the problem with that first scan is we don't yet have the context. we don't yet have the context. we don't yet have the context. And so, there's a tendency then to And so, there's a tendency then to And so, there's a tendency then to follow every lead. follow every lead. follow every lead. If and and and this is another sort of If and and and this is another sort of If and and and this is another sort of paradoxical thing. If we know that paradoxical thing. If we know that paradoxical thing. If we know that imaging is going to be regular imaging is going to be regular imaging is going to be regular then we don't have to freak out at every then we don't have to freak out at every then we don't have to freak out at every finding. So, in other words, we get a finding. So, in other words, we get a finding. So, in other words, we get a baseline and we say, "Okay, we're going baseline and we say, "Okay, we're going baseline and we say, "Okay, we're going to see you again in a year or two to see you again in a year or two to see you again in a year or two years." To make sure we've established years." To make sure we've established years." To make sure we've established not just one point, but a trajectory. not just one point, but a trajectory. not just one point, but a trajectory. Even just that second scan Even just that second scan Even just that second scan is already going to rule out Yeah. most is already going to rule out Yeah. most is already going to rule out Yeah. most problems. So, I think that you know problems. So, I think that you know problems. So, I think that you know we're heading to an era when people we're heading to an era when people we're heading to an era when people should have a baseline and a sense of should have a baseline and a sense of should have a baseline and a sense of trajectory trajectory trajectory Mhm. relatively early Mhm. relatively early Mhm. relatively early so that we can establish this basis for so that we can establish this basis for so that we can establish this basis for change. So then how often should someone change. So then how often should someone change. So then how often should someone do a scan? Yearly or I mean for example, do a scan? Yearly or I mean for example, do a scan? Yearly or I mean for example, I'm 66. I kind of want to do one every I'm 66. I kind of want to do one every I'm 66. I kind of want to do one every year. Right. Does that make sense? But year. Right. Does that make sense? But year. Right. Does that make sense? But what if I'm what if I'm what if I'm 35? Do I want to do one every year? And 35? Do I want to do one every year? And 35? Do I want to do one every year? And again, the [clears throat] scientist in again, the [clears throat] scientist in again, the [clears throat] scientist in me is is pausing because you know, I'm me is is pausing because you know, I'm me is is pausing because you know, I'm not I don't have studies to point to but not I don't have studies to point to but not I don't have studies to point to but from sort of basic logic, my feeling is from sort of basic logic, my feeling is from sort of basic logic, my feeling is yes, more frequently as you get older yes, more frequently as you get older yes, more frequently as you get older and changes are more likely, a little and changes are more likely, a little and changes are more likely, a little less frequently when you're very young less frequently when you're very young less frequently when you're very young and and changes aren't that likely. and and changes aren't that likely. and and changes aren't that likely. If we can let's put it this way, if we If we can let's put it this way, if we If we can let's put it this way, if we can get the cost of something like an can get the cost of something like an can get the cost of something like an MRI scan down enough MRI scan down enough MRI scan down enough and if we can make sure that we're not and if we can make sure that we're not and if we can make sure that we're not over calling things, then there's no over calling things, then there's no over calling things, then there's no reason not to have an absolutely regular reason not to have an absolutely regular reason not to have an absolutely regular scan, let's say two year every two years scan, let's say two year every two years scan, let's say two year every two years when you're younger, every one year when when you're younger, every one year when when you're younger, every one year when you're a little older. I want and you you're a little older. I want and you you're a little older. I want and you know, you know with the everywhere know, you know with the everywhere know, you know with the everywhere scanner vision, I want imaging to be scanner vision, I want imaging to be scanner vision, I want imaging to be kind of an ongoing intimate part of our kind of an ongoing intimate part of our kind of an ongoing intimate part of our lives. lives. lives. Not this thing that we do just when Not this thing that we do just when Not this thing that we do just when we're worried we're worried we're worried or we're sick. I want it to be the thing or we're sick. I want it to be the thing or we're sick. I want it to be the thing that tells you you're that tells you you're that tells you you're you're still okay. you're still okay. you're still okay. Not the thing that only tells you that Not the thing that only tells you that Not the thing that only tells you that something's wrong. I want it to be a something's wrong. I want it to be a something's wrong. I want it to be a safety net, not you know, an end stage safety net, not you know, an end stage safety net, not you know, an end stage tool. They'll be like tools and devices tool. They'll be like tools and devices tool. They'll be like tools and devices and things that we can have to put our and things that we can have to put our and things that we can have to put our biology on line in real time and and see biology on line in real time and and see biology on line in real time and and see what's going on and and it's kind of what's going on and and it's kind of what's going on and and it's kind of combined with this idea of an everywhere combined with this idea of an everywhere combined with this idea of an everywhere scanner is is really very futuristic. So scanner is is really very futuristic. So scanner is is really very futuristic. So talk about this idea of the everywhere talk about this idea of the everywhere talk about this idea of the everywhere scanner and how it how it's going to scanner and how it how it's going to scanner and how it how it's going to change how we think about our health and change how we think about our health and change how we think about our health and medicine. I really think of it almost medicine. I really think of it almost medicine. I really think of it almost like building ourselves a new augmented like building ourselves a new augmented like building ourselves a new augmented artificial sensory system. artificial sensory system. artificial sensory system. Right? We have multiple senses. In fact, Right? We have multiple senses. In fact, Right? We have multiple senses. In fact, you know what? you know what? you know what? It's not sci-fi at all. We already have It's not sci-fi at all. We already have It's not sci-fi at all. We already have continuous sensing. Yeah. continuous sensing. Yeah. continuous sensing. Yeah. We've got our entire nervous system. We've got our entire nervous system. We've got our entire nervous system. Yeah. We can sense temperature and Yeah. We can sense temperature and Yeah. We can sense temperature and pressure and pain and all of these pressure and pain and all of these pressure and pain and all of these things and these sensors are woven things and these sensors are woven things and these sensors are woven throughout our body. Yeah. The only throughout our body. Yeah. The only throughout our body. Yeah. The only problem is they're really not great at problem is they're really not great at problem is they're really not great at giving us early warning of internal giving us early warning of internal giving us early warning of internal things that are going wrong. They're things that are going wrong. They're things that are going wrong. They're really good at telling us don't touch really good at telling us don't touch really good at telling us don't touch that hot stove now. that hot stove now. that hot stove now. >> Yeah. Yeah. >> Yeah. Yeah. >> Yeah. Yeah. But they're not giving us advanced But they're not giving us advanced But they're not giving us advanced warning of cancer. That's not what they warning of cancer. That's not what they warning of cancer. That's not what they evolved to do. I think what we're evolved to do. I think what we're evolved to do. I think what we're talking about with everywhere scanner talking about with everywhere scanner talking about with everywhere scanner and with abundant sensors and with abundant sensors and with abundant sensors is basically building that is basically building that is basically building that artificial nervous system artificial nervous system artificial nervous system that's giving us early warning of all that's giving us early warning of all that's giving us early warning of all kinds of other biological things that we kinds of other biological things that we kinds of other biological things that we just didn't happen to develop nerves just didn't happen to develop nerves just didn't happen to develop nerves for. Yeah. for. Yeah. for. Yeah. And And And you know you know you know I think the body, quite frankly, it's a I think the body, quite frankly, it's a I think the body, quite frankly, it's a it's a remarkable piece of engineering. it's a remarkable piece of engineering. it's a remarkable piece of engineering. I think we should pay attention I think we should pay attention I think we should pay attention to what it's built. to what it's built. to what it's built. Certainly in imaging, almost every Certainly in imaging, almost every Certainly in imaging, almost every innovation in vision innovation in vision innovation in vision that has, you know, that that has that has, you know, that that has that has, you know, that that has evolved has been copied and improved evolved has been copied and improved evolved has been copied and improved upon with an artificial imaging device upon with an artificial imaging device upon with an artificial imaging device somewhere. somewhere. somewhere. Every single thing that the eye does, we Every single thing that the eye does, we Every single thing that the eye does, we can learn from and that the brain does can learn from and that the brain does can learn from and that the brain does in processing vision. Likewise, I think in processing vision. Likewise, I think in processing vision. Likewise, I think when we think about this network of when we think about this network of when we think about this network of continuous sensing Yeah. we should look continuous sensing Yeah. we should look continuous sensing Yeah. we should look at what the body's built at what the body's built at what the body's built and build on that. and build on that. and build on that. >> It's kind of cool. I mean, I I rented a >> It's kind of cool. I mean, I I rented a >> It's kind of cool. I mean, I I rented a car recently and the thing just senses car recently and the thing just senses car recently and the thing just senses everything. So, like I drive under a everything. So, like I drive under a everything. So, like I drive under a bridge and the Google Maps turns a bridge and the Google Maps turns a bridge and the Google Maps turns a different shape or I'm driving on the different shape or I'm driving on the different shape or I'm driving on the road and there's no car in front of me, road and there's no car in front of me, road and there's no car in front of me, it turns the brights on. I mean, when a it turns the brights on. I mean, when a it turns the brights on. I mean, when a car is coming, it turns the brights off. car is coming, it turns the brights off. car is coming, it turns the brights off. Or when, like, you know, every little Or when, like, you know, every little Or when, like, you know, every little like I I literally took my hands off the like I I literally took my hands off the like I I literally took my hands off the steering wheel and said, "Hey, put your steering wheel and said, "Hey, put your steering wheel and said, "Hey, put your hands on the wheel." It looked at my hands on the wheel." It looked at my hands on the wheel." It looked at my eyes when I I away for something. I was eyes when I I away for something. I was eyes when I I away for something. I was like, "Oh, make sure your eyes are on like, "Oh, make sure your eyes are on like, "Oh, make sure your eyes are on the road." I'm like, "Wow, this is car the road." I'm like, "Wow, this is car the road." I'm like, "Wow, this is car is like spying on me." But it's sensing is like spying on me." But it's sensing is like spying on me." But it's sensing everything all the time all around it. everything all the time all around it. everything all the time all around it. And you know, kind of like a a way a And you know, kind of like a a way a And you know, kind of like a a way a Waymo or a Tesla, which you know, does Waymo or a Tesla, which you know, does Waymo or a Tesla, which you know, does self-driving, is the same thing. And so self-driving, is the same thing. And so self-driving, is the same thing. And so what we're talking about is augmenting what we're talking about is augmenting what we're talking about is augmenting the sensing of our own biology through the sensing of our own biology through the sensing of our own biology through various kinds of tools, whether they're various kinds of tools, whether they're various kinds of tools, whether they're intermittent or continuous tools, that intermittent or continuous tools, that intermittent or continuous tools, that allow us to put our biology in in a allow us to put our biology in in a allow us to put our biology in in a different context and to understand it different context and to understand it different context and to understand it over time and to not have this episodic over time and to not have this episodic over time and to not have this episodic uh uh uh um often too late to the game um often too late to the game um often too late to the game diagnostics, which which unfortunately, diagnostics, which which unfortunately, diagnostics, which which unfortunately, you know, with medicine, when you find you know, with medicine, when you find you know, with medicine, when you find things too late, it's it's often hard to things too late, it's it's often hard to things too late, it's it's often hard to fix, right? fix, right? fix, right? And and so I think particularly around And and so I think particularly around And and so I think particularly around cancer, you know, my father died of cancer, you know, my father died of cancer, you know, my father died of cancer, my sister died of cancer, she cancer, my sister died of cancer, she cancer, my sister died of cancer, she had cancer twice. had cancer twice. had cancer twice. You know, I don't want to die of cancer. You know, I don't want to die of cancer. You know, I don't want to die of cancer. I don't want to I don't want to I don't want to I want to live a long healthy life and I I want to live a long healthy life and I I want to live a long healthy life and I feel like it's one of those things that feel like it's one of those things that feel like it's one of those things that we now actually potentially with the we now actually potentially with the we now actually potentially with the Galleri test and liquid biopsies Galleri test and liquid biopsies Galleri test and liquid biopsies the regular imaging and even the the regular imaging and even the the regular imaging and even the proteomics that are coming, we literally proteomics that are coming, we literally proteomics that are coming, we literally could make cancer could make cancer could make cancer uh and dying of cancer a historical uh and dying of cancer a historical uh and dying of cancer a historical foot. I I believe so and I hope so. foot. I I believe so and I hope so. foot. I I believe so and I hope so. >> That's that's really that's part of the >> That's that's really that's part of the >> That's that's really that's part of the mission of Function Health is to do that mission of Function Health is to do that mission of Function Health is to do that and to relieve so much suffering cuz and to relieve so much suffering cuz and to relieve so much suffering cuz there's so much suffering with cancer there's so much suffering with cancer there's so much suffering with cancer and I I you know, you and I I you know, you and I I you know, you I just you see it all the time and it I I just you see it all the time and it I I just you see it all the time and it I I know it in my family and I've seen my I know it in my family and I've seen my I know it in my family and I've seen my own relatives just wither away and die own relatives just wither away and die own relatives just wither away and die and it's just it's such a heartbreak and and it's just it's such a heartbreak and and it's just it's such a heartbreak and it's it's um in some ways, you know, if it's it's um in some ways, you know, if it's it's um in some ways, you know, if we had this proactive preventive we had this proactive preventive we had this proactive preventive approach to medicine, we wouldn't be in approach to medicine, we wouldn't be in approach to medicine, we wouldn't be in the situation. Absolutely. And and my the situation. Absolutely. And and my the situation. Absolutely. And and my family has had that type of cancer family has had that type of cancer family has had that type of cancer history as well. And I I just wish that history as well. And I I just wish that history as well. And I I just wish that we had had these tools we had had these tools we had had these tools earlier. It it's giving us insight into earlier. It it's giving us insight into earlier. It it's giving us insight into human biology in a way that we've never human biology in a way that we've never human biology in a way that we've never had before. had before. had before. And we're able to then on top of that And we're able to then on top of that And we're able to then on top of that apply the 39 million scientific papers apply the 39 million scientific papers apply the 39 million scientific papers that have been published on PubMed that have been published on PubMed that have been published on PubMed to filter and understand all that to filter and understand all that to filter and understand all that information. information. information. Uh they're they're taking the Uh they're they're taking the Uh they're they're taking the you know, all the sort of case studies you know, all the sort of case studies you know, all the sort of case studies we can apply, all the training that we can apply, all the training that we can apply, all the training that we've done based on root cause medicine we've done based on root cause medicine we've done based on root cause medicine into the system. into the system. into the system. And so, when you put your data into And so, when you put your data into And so, when you put your data into function, you're you're actually function, you're you're actually function, you're you're actually putting your biology online. putting your biology online. putting your biology online. And combined with these large language And combined with these large language And combined with these large language models and the advances in those we're models and the advances in those we're models and the advances in those we're seeing every day, seeing every day, seeing every day, we're we're entering an era where we're we're we're entering an era where we're we're we're entering an era where we're we're really truly be able to understand we're really truly be able to understand we're really truly be able to understand the body in a way we never have before the body in a way we never have before the body in a way we never have before and look at the patterns in the data and and look at the patterns in the data and and look at the patterns in the data and create an early early assessment and create an early early assessment and create an early early assessment and continuous monitoring over time rather continuous monitoring over time rather continuous monitoring over time rather than episodic kind of random checking than episodic kind of random checking than episodic kind of random checking to really know what's going on in your to really know what's going on in your to really know what's going on in your body and then to be able to sort of body and then to be able to sort of body and then to be able to sort of understand the subtle changes, the understand the subtle changes, the understand the subtle changes, the differences, to look at the patterns in differences, to look at the patterns in differences, to look at the patterns in data, to learn and to advance science, data, to learn and to advance science, data, to learn and to advance science, to help individuals with their own to help individuals with their own to help individuals with their own issues. It's really quite amazing. So, I issues. It's really quite amazing. So, I issues. It's really quite amazing. So, I would love to sort of you for you to would love to sort of you for you to would love to sort of you for you to unpack your vision of the what what unpack your vision of the what what unpack your vision of the what what we're doing with the medical we're doing with the medical we're doing with the medical intelligence lab, where where we're intelligence lab, where where we're intelligence lab, where where we're headed and what we want to build in the headed and what we want to build in the headed and what we want to build in the world because I think this is really world because I think this is really world because I think this is really foundational revolutionary to to foundational revolutionary to to foundational revolutionary to to medicine and science itself and I think medicine and science itself and I think medicine and science itself and I think it's going to change everything we know it's going to change everything we know it's going to change everything we know about human health and biology. I think about human health and biology. I think about human health and biology. I think of it a little bit like a GPS for of it a little bit like a GPS for of it a little bit like a GPS for health. health. health. And if you unpack what a GPS does, it And if you unpack what a GPS does, it And if you unpack what a GPS does, it actually has a lot of the features that actually has a lot of the features that actually has a lot of the features that you talked about. First of all, you need you talked about. First of all, you need you talked about. First of all, you need a map, a map, a map, right? That's all of the accumulated right? That's all of the accumulated right? That's all of the accumulated medical knowledge that you're talking medical knowledge that you're talking medical knowledge that you're talking about. You need to know what the about. You need to know what the about. You need to know what the landscape is like that you're navigating landscape is like that you're navigating landscape is like that you're navigating through, otherwise you're going blind. through, otherwise you're going blind. through, otherwise you're going blind. But more than that, you also need to But more than that, you also need to But more than that, you also need to know your personal history. That's your know your personal history. That's your know your personal history. That's your biology that you've put online, right? biology that you've put online, right? biology that you've put online, right? Because if you don't know where you've Because if you don't know where you've Because if you don't know where you've come from, come from, come from, you know, you know, you know, um, um, um, you you don't know what road you're on. you you don't know what road you're on. you you don't know what road you're on. You I mean, you kind of need to know You I mean, you kind of need to know You I mean, you kind of need to know that individualized information, not that individualized information, not that individualized information, not just the collective information. And just the collective information. And just the collective information. And then the key thing, which I think we're then the key thing, which I think we're then the key thing, which I think we're really working hard on in in the medical really working hard on in in the medical really working hard on in in the medical intelligence lab, is how do we create intelligence lab, is how do we create intelligence lab, is how do we create that guideline that guideline that guideline that gets you where you want to go, that that gets you where you want to go, that that gets you where you want to go, that travels with you travels with you travels with you um and make sure you get to 100 healthy um and make sure you get to 100 healthy um and make sure you get to 100 healthy years. years. years. And that involves then taking all of And that involves then taking all of And that involves then taking all of these patterns that we've learned, the these patterns that we've learned, the these patterns that we've learned, the population-wide patterns, and the population-wide patterns, and the population-wide patterns, and the individual patterns based on your data individual patterns based on your data individual patterns based on your data and projecting them forward and making and projecting them forward and making and projecting them forward and making predictions. predictions. predictions. Hey, listen, if you just keep on Hey, listen, if you just keep on Hey, listen, if you just keep on steering this way, you're headed for steering this way, you're headed for steering this way, you're headed for trouble. trouble. trouble. No, maybe you need to do a little course No, maybe you need to do a little course No, maybe you need to do a little course correction. Change your diet, change correction. Change your diet, change correction. Change your diet, change your exercise, you know, your exercise, you know, your exercise, you know, go in for another test at this interval, go in for another test at this interval, go in for another test at this interval, that type of thing. that type of thing. that type of thing. And I think it is And I think it is And I think it is definitely remarkable time when we can definitely remarkable time when we can definitely remarkable time when we can think about creating that sort of think about creating that sort of think about creating that sort of comprehensive GPS. comprehensive GPS. comprehensive GPS. You mentioned that big tech is already You mentioned that big tech is already You mentioned that big tech is already you know, gunning for this space. It you know, gunning for this space. It you know, gunning for this space. It It's happening regardless of whether, It's happening regardless of whether, It's happening regardless of whether, you know, you know, you know, we in medicine are comfortable with it we in medicine are comfortable with it we in medicine are comfortable with it or not. I sort of see it as both our or not. I sort of see it as both our or not. I sort of see it as both our responsibility and our privilege responsibility and our privilege responsibility and our privilege to try to bring the science of medicine to try to bring the science of medicine to try to bring the science of medicine to that endeavor, rather than just to that endeavor, rather than just to that endeavor, rather than just feeding lots and lots of data to feeding lots and lots of data to feeding lots and lots of data to to chatbots. to chatbots. to chatbots. Really trying to bring the Really trying to bring the Really trying to bring the collection of medical knowledge collection of medical knowledge collection of medical knowledge and the knowledge about integration of and the knowledge about integration of and the knowledge about integration of body systems body systems body systems >> And the context as you're talking and >> And the context as you're talking and >> And the context as you're talking and the context and your individual context the context and your individual context the context and your individual context >> what I mean, yeah. Exactly. To this >> what I mean, yeah. Exactly. To this >> what I mean, yeah. Exactly. To this problem, so that we're not just problem, so that we're not just problem, so that we're not just generating a nice-sounding set of generating a nice-sounding set of generating a nice-sounding set of answers to questions, we're actually answers to questions, we're actually answers to questions, we're actually providing you with a guide. We're giving providing you with a guide. We're giving providing you with a guide. We're giving you that map to your you that map to your you that map to your For over 50 years, we've been told to For over 50 years, we've been told to For over 50 years, we've been told to avoid full-fat dairy to protect our avoid full-fat dairy to protect our avoid full-fat dairy to protect our long-term heart and metabolic health. long-term heart and metabolic health. long-term heart and metabolic health. 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I know you've heard me talk about the I know you've heard me talk about the I know you've heard me talk about the importance of getting enough protein to importance of getting enough protein to importance of getting enough protein to maintain muscle as we age, but sometimes maintain muscle as we age, but sometimes maintain muscle as we age, but sometimes even when you eat well, meals can leave even when you eat well, meals can leave even when you eat well, meals can leave you feeling heavy, bloated, or sluggish. you feeling heavy, bloated, or sluggish. you feeling heavy, bloated, or sluggish. Now, in some cases, it's not protein, Now, in some cases, it's not protein, Now, in some cases, it's not protein, it's your digestion. And our bodies rely it's your digestion. And our bodies rely it's your digestion. And our bodies rely on enzymes to break down protein and on enzymes to break down protein and on enzymes to break down protein and fats and carbohydrates so we can fats and carbohydrates so we can fats and carbohydrates so we can actually use the nutrients we eat. Now, actually use the nutrients we eat. Now, actually use the nutrients we eat. Now, with stress, with age, or busy with stress, with age, or busy with stress, with age, or busy lifestyles, enzyme production can fall lifestyles, enzyme production can fall lifestyles, enzyme production can fall short. And that's why I recommend short. And that's why I recommend short. And that's why I recommend MassZymes from BiOptimizers. It contains MassZymes from BiOptimizers. It contains MassZymes from BiOptimizers. 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That's b i o p t i m i z e r s dot com slash Hyman and use the e r s dot com slash Hyman and use the e r s dot com slash Hyman and use the code Hyman today. And it's these little code Hyman today. And it's these little code Hyman today. And it's these little course corrections that make the course corrections that make the course corrections that make the difference, right? If you see you know, difference, right? If you see you know, difference, right? If you see you know, if you track your blood sugar and you if you track your blood sugar and you if you track your blood sugar and you go, "Well, you know, it was 70s go, "Well, you know, it was 70s go, "Well, you know, it was 70s fasting." Well, then it's 80s next year. fasting." Well, then it's 80s next year. fasting." Well, then it's 80s next year. And maybe the next year it's to go like And maybe the next year it's to go like And maybe the next year it's to go like to 85. And then maybe the next year it's to 85. And then maybe the next year it's to 85. And then maybe the next year it's 89. And then you're like, "Oh, I'm 89. And then you're like, "Oh, I'm 89. And then you're like, "Oh, I'm getting worse metabolic disease and I'm getting worse metabolic disease and I'm getting worse metabolic disease and I'm going to I'm heading towards going to I'm heading towards going to I'm heading towards pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes, even pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes, even pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes, even if I don't have the official diagnosis if I don't have the official diagnosis if I don't have the official diagnosis yet." And I can course correct. And in yet." And I can course correct. And in yet." And I can course correct. And in fact, going back to this model of fact, going back to this model of fact, going back to this model of biological senses, you had talked about biological senses, you had talked about biological senses, you had talked about the concern that some people the concern that some people the concern that some people legitimately have, "Well, I don't want legitimately have, "Well, I don't want legitimately have, "Well, I don't want to be anxious all the time. I don't want to be anxious all the time. I don't want to be anxious all the time. I don't want to be thinking about the diseases I to be thinking about the diseases I to be thinking about the diseases I might develop." If you think about our might develop." If you think about our might develop." If you think about our senses, senses, senses, they evolve to protect us from harm in a they evolve to protect us from harm in a they evolve to protect us from harm in a similar way. We don't think about them similar way. We don't think about them similar way. We don't think about them all the time. We just get this burst of all the time. We just get this burst of all the time. We just get this burst of alarm if we step into a street and we alarm if we step into a street and we alarm if we step into a street and we see there's a car coming. Yeah. But most see there's a car coming. Yeah. But most see there's a car coming. Yeah. But most of the time the senses are just of the time the senses are just of the time the senses are just operating in the background keeping us operating in the background keeping us operating in the background keeping us alive. Right. That's how I see this alive. Right. That's how I see this alive. Right. That's how I see this online biology and this network of online biology and this network of online biology and this network of sensors in the future. It's not constant sensors in the future. It's not constant sensors in the future. It's not constant alarm. alarm. alarm. It's just It's just It's just waking up and giving you a ping if waking up and giving you a ping if waking up and giving you a ping if you're about to step into the street you're about to step into the street you're about to step into the street with a car coming. Yeah. Medically. with a car coming. Yeah. Medically. with a car coming. Yeah. Medically. Yeah. That type of safety net is Yeah. That type of safety net is Yeah. That type of safety net is something that even the most kind of something that even the most kind of something that even the most kind of squeamish people might be comfortable squeamish people might be comfortable squeamish people might be comfortable with. with. with. It's just, you know, for the moment, It's just, you know, for the moment, It's just, you know, for the moment, don't do this because it's going to harm don't do this because it's going to harm don't do this because it's going to harm you. But otherwise, live your life. And you. But otherwise, live your life. And you. But otherwise, live your life. And live your life well. That's right. And I live your life well. That's right. And I live your life well. That's right. And I think I think we know so much now about think I think we know so much now about think I think we know so much now about how to prevent disease. And I think how to prevent disease. And I think how to prevent disease. And I think people are worried about finding out people are worried about finding out people are worried about finding out something that they can't do anything something that they can't do anything something that they can't do anything about. And I understand that. about. And I understand that. about. And I understand that. But most of the time, you know, your But most of the time, you know, your But most of the time, you know, your biology is changeable. And there are biology is changeable. And there are biology is changeable. And there are early detection signs that are, as I early detection signs that are, as I early detection signs that are, as I mentioned, these biochemical changes and mentioned, these biochemical changes and mentioned, these biochemical changes and these then turn into pathological early these then turn into pathological early these then turn into pathological early changes we can see on scanning changes we can see on scanning changes we can see on scanning that that really give us a road map to that that really give us a road map to that that really give us a road map to what's happening with our health. And it what's happening with our health. And it what's happening with our health. And it it it it putting our head in the sand it it it putting our head in the sand it it it putting our head in the sand and not paying attention and not looking and not paying attention and not looking and not paying attention and not looking at our own personal data at our own personal data at our own personal data it doesn't make any sense. Now, you go, it doesn't make any sense. Now, you go, it doesn't make any sense. Now, you go, "Well, I'm not a doctor. How do I make "Well, I'm not a doctor. How do I make "Well, I'm not a doctor. How do I make sense of it all?" I mean, well, sense of it all?" I mean, well, sense of it all?" I mean, well, yeah, you're right. It's If you don't yeah, you're right. It's If you don't yeah, you're right. It's If you don't know how to sort of make sense of it know how to sort of make sense of it know how to sort of make sense of it all, then it's a lot. But, if you have all, then it's a lot. But, if you have all, then it's a lot. But, if you have the facilitation of a company like the facilitation of a company like the facilitation of a company like Function Health that provides you with Function Health that provides you with Function Health that provides you with the guidance, provides you with the the guidance, provides you with the the guidance, provides you with the intelligence behind it to make sense of intelligence behind it to make sense of intelligence behind it to make sense of it, to create a ranked order priority it, to create a ranked order priority it, to create a ranked order priority list about what you have to address, to list about what you have to address, to list about what you have to address, to help you understand what the steps are help you understand what the steps are help you understand what the steps are you can take yourself when you need, you you can take yourself when you need, you you can take yourself when you need, you know, to do self-care and when you need know, to do self-care and when you need know, to do self-care and when you need to see seek medical care, and provide to see seek medical care, and provide to see seek medical care, and provide that whole continuum of care for you, that whole continuum of care for you, that whole continuum of care for you, rather than just sort of waiting around rather than just sort of waiting around rather than just sort of waiting around till something's happening. That's the till something's happening. That's the till something's happening. That's the thing most people don't realize is that thing most people don't realize is that thing most people don't realize is that disease doesn't just happen. It's disease doesn't just happen. It's disease doesn't just happen. It's occurring because of low-grade changes occurring because of low-grade changes occurring because of low-grade changes over many decades. And a thing I want to over many decades. And a thing I want to over many decades. And a thing I want to sort of sort of end with here is our sort of sort of end with here is our sort of sort of end with here is our bodies are this highly intelligent bodies are this highly intelligent bodies are this highly intelligent system that want to be healthy. system that want to be healthy. system that want to be healthy. Your body is not designed to be sick. Your body is not designed to be sick. Your body is not designed to be sick. It's not a design flaw. It's not a design flaw. It's not a design flaw. We are are providing the conditions in We are are providing the conditions in We are are providing the conditions in our current modern society for the body our current modern society for the body our current modern society for the body to be sick with the crap food that we're to be sick with the crap food that we're to be sick with the crap food that we're having available. 73% of the food on having available. 73% of the food on having available. 73% of the food on grocery store shelves is not even grocery store shelves is not even grocery store shelves is not even technically food. It's ultra-processed technically food. It's ultra-processed technically food. It's ultra-processed frankenfoods. And we have enormous frankenfoods. And we have enormous frankenfoods. And we have enormous amount of environmental exposures and amount of environmental exposures and amount of environmental exposures and toxins that sometimes we can do things toxins that sometimes we can do things toxins that sometimes we can do things about and actually help our bodies about and actually help our bodies about and actually help our bodies detoxify. We have, you know, detoxify. We have, you know, detoxify. We have, you know, dysregulated circadian rhythms and dysregulated circadian rhythms and dysregulated circadian rhythms and sleep. We have excess chronic stress. We sleep. We have excess chronic stress. We sleep. We have excess chronic stress. We have all these things, sedentary have all these things, sedentary have all these things, sedentary lifestyles. These are things that we are lifestyles. These are things that we are lifestyles. These are things that we are empowered to do something about. We have empowered to do something about. We have empowered to do something about. We have nutrient deficiencies which you can do nutrient deficiencies which you can do nutrient deficiencies which you can do something about. And when you when you something about. And when you when you something about. And when you when you actually can know what's happening actually can know what's happening actually can know what's happening early, then you can you can make changes early, then you can you can make changes early, then you can you can make changes that that that really change that course and allow your really change that course and allow your really change that course and allow your body to provide the conditions that are body to provide the conditions that are body to provide the conditions that are going to create health, rather than going to create health, rather than going to create health, rather than simply waiting till you have to really simply waiting till you have to really simply waiting till you have to really treat some serious disease. And this is treat some serious disease. And this is treat some serious disease. And this is This is a fundamental paradigm shift. Is This is a fundamental paradigm shift. Is This is a fundamental paradigm shift. Is is the idea that disease isn't just some is the idea that disease isn't just some is the idea that disease isn't just some random phenomena. It's it's something random phenomena. It's it's something random phenomena. It's it's something you can predict from early indicators you can predict from early indicators you can predict from early indicators and then do something about. And I just and then do something about. And I just and then do something about. And I just saw patient yesterday with Parkinson's saw patient yesterday with Parkinson's saw patient yesterday with Parkinson's disease. He'd been, you know, had disease. He'd been, you know, had disease. He'd been, you know, had warning signs way early. He had warning signs way early. He had warning signs way early. He had tremendous amounts of environmental tremendous amounts of environmental tremendous amounts of environmental exposures from hobbies and being in the exposures from hobbies and being in the exposures from hobbies and being in the Navy as a chemical engineer and and in Navy as a chemical engineer and and in Navy as a chemical engineer and and in childhood. childhood. childhood. And I'm like this guy is, you know, And I'm like this guy is, you know, And I'm like this guy is, you know, would be a sitting duck for some type of would be a sitting duck for some type of would be a sitting duck for some type of toxin-related illness. And Parkinson's toxin-related illness. And Parkinson's toxin-related illness. And Parkinson's is a well-known is a well-known is a well-known um toxin-related um toxin-related um toxin-related um condition. um condition. um condition. And yet he had to wait until he got And yet he had to wait until he got And yet he had to wait until he got Parkinson's for someone like me to look Parkinson's for someone like me to look Parkinson's for someone like me to look at his history and go, "Well, gee, you at his history and go, "Well, gee, you at his history and go, "Well, gee, you know, we got to we got to get all this know, we got to we got to get all this know, we got to we got to get all this crap out of your system and we got to crap out of your system and we got to crap out of your system and we got to detoxify you and and and that was detoxify you and and and that was detoxify you and and and that was something that he didn't have to something that he didn't have to something that he didn't have to necessarily do if he'd been proactive necessarily do if he'd been proactive necessarily do if he'd been proactive and actually was able to measure the and actually was able to measure the and actually was able to measure the toxic load of his body early on." Um for toxic load of his body early on." Um for toxic load of his body early on." Um for same thing happened to me. I had heavy same thing happened to me. I had heavy same thing happened to me. I had heavy metal poisoning from You try to avoid metal poisoning from You try to avoid metal poisoning from You try to avoid it. I wasn't I wasn't sick right away. it. I wasn't I wasn't sick right away. it. I wasn't I wasn't sick right away. It was like this kind of slowly building It was like this kind of slowly building It was like this kind of slowly building up burden of toxins that then knocked me up burden of toxins that then knocked me up burden of toxins that then knocked me off my feet. But if I didn't know off my feet. But if I didn't know off my feet. But if I didn't know earlier, I could have done something earlier, I could have done something earlier, I could have done something about it and not end up in this about it and not end up in this about it and not end up in this catastrophic illness. So, I think we we catastrophic illness. So, I think we we catastrophic illness. So, I think we we we can actually see these changes over we can actually see these changes over we can actually see these changes over time. We can do something about them if time. We can do something about them if time. We can do something about them if we have the right information. And he we have the right information. And he we have the right information. And he just didn't have the right information. just didn't have the right information. just didn't have the right information. So, that that's really why I think So, that that's really why I think So, that that's really why I think medical intelligence is such an medical intelligence is such an medical intelligence is such an important concept. And and our medical important concept. And and our medical important concept. And and our medical intelligence lab at Function Health and intelligence lab at Function Health and intelligence lab at Function Health and the science we're putting behind it and the science we're putting behind it and the science we're putting behind it and the effort we're putting behind really the effort we're putting behind really the effort we're putting behind really providing the best quality understanding providing the best quality understanding providing the best quality understanding information of your biology is is going information of your biology is is going information of your biology is is going to change medicine and health care. to change medicine and health care. to change medicine and health care. Hear, hear. No, and and listen, Mark, I Hear, hear. No, and and listen, Mark, I Hear, hear. No, and and listen, Mark, I mean, we started the conversation with mean, we started the conversation with mean, we started the conversation with the future of seeing, right? In some the future of seeing, right? In some the future of seeing, right? In some ways, I think in a nutshell, the future ways, I think in a nutshell, the future ways, I think in a nutshell, the future of seeing of seeing of seeing involves actually looking. Yeah. involves actually looking. Yeah. involves actually looking. Yeah. >> Now that we have the capability. Now >> Now that we have the capability. Now >> Now that we have the capability. Now that we have the capability to see lots that we have the capability to see lots that we have the capability to see lots of your biology. Now that we have the of your biology. Now that we have the of your biology. Now that we have the capability to use AI and other similar capability to use AI and other similar capability to use AI and other similar tools to integrate that, to connect it tools to integrate that, to connect it tools to integrate that, to connect it to knowledge that has been accumulated to knowledge that has been accumulated to knowledge that has been accumulated over all of these centuries. over all of these centuries. over all of these centuries. Now is the time when we we need to start Now is the time when we we need to start Now is the time when we we need to start living with our eyes open and living living with our eyes open and living living with our eyes open and living with that kind of guidance. So the with that kind of guidance. So the with that kind of guidance. So the future of seeing, your book, which future of seeing, your book, which future of seeing, your book, which everybody should get a copy. Where can everybody should get a copy. Where can everybody should get a copy. Where can they find it? Uh they can find it uh at they find it? Uh they can find it uh at they find it? Uh they can find it uh at Columbia University Press or on Amazon, Columbia University Press or on Amazon, Columbia University Press or on Amazon, of course. I love Columbia University of course. I love Columbia University of course. I love Columbia University Press. >> [laughter] >> [laughter] >> Of course. It's a great title, the >> Of course. It's a great title, the >> Of course. It's a great title, the future of seeing, cuz it's not literally future of seeing, cuz it's not literally future of seeing, cuz it's not literally just about imaging. And your book is just about imaging. And your book is just about imaging. And your book is about imaging, but it's also about imaging, but it's also about imaging, but it's also you know, implies that the future of you know, implies that the future of you know, implies that the future of seeing is about the future of seeing seeing is about the future of seeing seeing is about the future of seeing deep into human biology in a way we've deep into human biology in a way we've deep into human biology in a way we've never been able to do historically. never been able to do historically. never been able to do historically. And it will transform medicine and And it will transform medicine and And it will transform medicine and health care from the outside in. Because health care from the outside in. Because health care from the outside in. Because traditional health care is not changing traditional health care is not changing traditional health care is not changing anytime fast. The edifice is too solid anytime fast. The edifice is too solid anytime fast. The edifice is too solid and the resistance is too much and the and the resistance is too much and the and the resistance is too much and the old ideas die very hard. I mean, I old ideas die very hard. I mean, I old ideas die very hard. I mean, I think, you know, there's a book I read think, you know, there's a book I read think, you know, there's a book I read in college called The Structure of in college called The Structure of in college called The Structure of Scientific Revolutions Mhm. Yes. Scientific Revolutions Mhm. Yes. Scientific Revolutions Mhm. Yes. >> And in this book, he talked about this >> And in this book, he talked about this >> And in this book, he talked about this idea of a paradigm shift. And he he idea of a paradigm shift. And he he idea of a paradigm shift. And he he that's where the word paradigm shift that's where the word paradigm shift that's where the word paradigm shift came from. And in in the book, he talks came from. And in in the book, he talks came from. And in in the book, he talks about this idea of normal science. That about this idea of normal science. That about this idea of normal science. That what we believe is just so embedded that what we believe is just so embedded that what we believe is just so embedded that we can't unsee it. In other words, if we can't unsee it. In other words, if we can't unsee it. In other words, if you were living in, you know, 1400, you were living in, you know, 1400, you were living in, you know, 1400, the Earth was flat. Mhm. If you were the Earth was flat. Mhm. If you were the Earth was flat. Mhm. If you were living in the pre-Galilean era, the living in the pre-Galilean era, the living in the pre-Galilean era, the Earth was the center of the universe, Earth was the center of the universe, Earth was the center of the universe, right? right? right? This is something now that that we we we This is something now that that we we we This is something now that that we we we have to understand because we are we are have to understand because we are we are have to understand because we are we are living in a totally different era where living in a totally different era where living in a totally different era where we can actually see things that we never we can actually see things that we never we can actually see things that we never could see before. We can look where we could see before. We can look where we could see before. We can look where we never looked before. I mean, look, never looked before. I mean, look, never looked before. I mean, look, I remember, I mean, let's see, it was it I remember, I mean, let's see, it was it I remember, I mean, let's see, it was it was 13 years after I graduated from was 13 years after I graduated from was 13 years after I graduated from medical school that we decoded the human medical school that we decoded the human medical school that we decoded the human genome. So, I mean, this is in a very genome. So, I mean, this is in a very genome. So, I mean, this is in a very short time short time short time and that was a billion dollars. Now it's and that was a billion dollars. Now it's and that was a billion dollars. Now it's $200 $200 $200 >> [laughter] >> [laughter] >> [laughter] >> to decode your own personal genome. >> to decode your own personal genome. >> to decode your own personal genome. That's where we're going. We're going to That's where we're going. We're going to That's where we're going. We're going to this massive personal data-driven health this massive personal data-driven health this massive personal data-driven health care system and I think in a way we're care system and I think in a way we're care system and I think in a way we're we're disrupting health care because we're disrupting health care because we're disrupting health care because we're going to empower people to be in a we're going to empower people to be in a we're going to empower people to be in a way their own way their own way their own health care agent. health care agent. health care agent. Uh and then yes, use medicine and use Uh and then yes, use medicine and use Uh and then yes, use medicine and use hospitals and use surgery and use hospitals and use surgery and use hospitals and use surgery and use doctors when you need doctors when you need doctors when you need >> Mhm. But most of the things that we we >> Mhm. But most of the things that we we >> Mhm. But most of the things that we we pick them up early, they're pick them up early, they're pick them up early, they're fundamentally things that are under our fundamentally things that are under our fundamentally things that are under our controls. It's what we eat, it's how we controls. It's what we eat, it's how we controls. It's what we eat, it's how we move, it's how we sleep, it's how we move, it's how we sleep, it's how we move, it's how we sleep, it's how we manage stress, it's our relationships, manage stress, it's our relationships, manage stress, it's our relationships, it's our toxin exposures which you can it's our toxin exposures which you can it's our toxin exposures which you can mitigate to some degree. Those are all mitigate to some degree. Those are all mitigate to some degree. Those are all the things that are driving disturbances the things that are driving disturbances the things that are driving disturbances in our health and those are things that in our health and those are things that in our health and those are things that that we can pick up in these early that we can pick up in these early that we can pick up in these early warning signs like your car. Okay, your warning signs like your car. Okay, your warning signs like your car. Okay, your tire pressure's a little low or your tire pressure's a little low or your tire pressure's a little low or your Mhm. engine light's a little dingy or Mhm. engine light's a little dingy or Mhm. engine light's a little dingy or whatever. Like I don't know, these whatever. Like I don't know, these whatever. Like I don't know, these sensors are amazing on these cars and sensors are amazing on these cars and sensors are amazing on these cars and and I I wouldn't it be great to have and I I wouldn't it be great to have and I I wouldn't it be great to have that dashboard for your body? And that's that dashboard for your body? And that's that dashboard for your body? And that's really what we're doing with Function really what we're doing with Function really what we're doing with Function Health and it's just going to get better Health and it's just going to get better Health and it's just going to get better and smarter. So, I I encourage everybody and smarter. So, I I encourage everybody and smarter. So, I I encourage everybody to you know, not just cuz I I co-founded to you know, not just cuz I I co-founded to you know, not just cuz I I co-founded the company, but I encourage everybody the company, but I encourage everybody the company, but I encourage everybody to think about how do you put your to think about how do you put your to think about how do you put your biology online so you can be proactive biology online so you can be proactive biology online so you can be proactive about your health and not get that that about your health and not get that that about your health and not get that that horrible sinking feeling in your stomach horrible sinking feeling in your stomach horrible sinking feeling in your stomach when you're in the doctor's office they when you're in the doctor's office they when you're in the doctor's office they say, "You've got metastatic cancer." say, "You've got metastatic cancer." say, "You've got metastatic cancer." Mhm. You know, um Mhm. You know, um Mhm. You know, um Chris Vander Beek, I think I think that Chris Vander Beek, I think I think that Chris Vander Beek, I think I think that was his name, uh was this actor who was his name, uh was this actor who was his name, uh was this actor who recently died of cancer recently died of cancer recently died of cancer and you know, he didn't need to. He and you know, he didn't need to. He and you know, he didn't need to. He really didn't need to. You know, my really didn't need to. You know, my really didn't need to. You know, my sister My father didn't need to and we I sister My father didn't need to and we I sister My father didn't need to and we I wish this technology was around then and wish this technology was around then and wish this technology was around then and I think this really what we're talking I think this really what we're talking I think this really what we're talking about here, Dan. So, any final thoughts about here, Dan. So, any final thoughts about here, Dan. So, any final thoughts or words for people listening? or words for people listening? or words for people listening? I I I think you said it beautifully, Mark. I think you said it beautifully, Mark. I think you said it beautifully, Mark. I think really my final words are think really my final words are think really my final words are in this remarkable era, keep your eyes in this remarkable era, keep your eyes in this remarkable era, keep your eyes open. open. open. Get that biology online. Get that biology online. Get that biology online. Figure out how you can Figure out how you can Figure out how you can essentially have this new safety net essentially have this new safety net essentially have this new safety net that that nobody in the history of that that nobody in the history of that that nobody in the history of humanity has had before. Yeah, amazing. humanity has had before. Yeah, amazing. humanity has had before. Yeah, amazing. Well, thank you, Dan. Thank you for your Well, thank you, Dan. Thank you for your Well, thank you, Dan. Thank you for your work. I'm excited to work with you in work. I'm excited to work with you in work. I'm excited to work with you in building the medical intelligence lab building the medical intelligence lab building the medical intelligence lab and keep functioning evolving and and keep functioning evolving and and keep functioning evolving and helping it to actually help billions and helping it to actually help billions and helping it to actually help billions and millions of people. Uh I think we're millions of people. Uh I think we're millions of people. Uh I think we're just getting started. So, just getting started. So, just getting started. So, uh people should stay tuned. You can uh people should stay tuned. You can uh people should stay tuned. You can learn more about Dan's work through his learn more about Dan's work through his learn more about Dan's work through his book, The Future of Seeing. Uh book, The Future of Seeing. Uh book, The Future of Seeing. Uh go to functionalhealth.com to learn go to functionalhealth.com to learn go to functionalhealth.com to learn more. It's only a dollar a day to join more. It's only a dollar a day to join more. It's only a dollar a day to join as a member. as a member. as a member. And that will give you a deep dive on And that will give you a deep dive on And that will give you a deep dive on your biology and you can get a full body your biology and you can get a full body your biology and you can get a full body MRI scan as a baseline through that MRI scan as a baseline through that MRI scan as a baseline through that website and even more deeper scans if website and even more deeper scans if website and even more deeper scans if you want for other things. So, you want for other things. So, you want for other things. So, uh I'm really excited about what we're uh I'm really excited about what we're uh I'm really excited about what we're doing together. I think combining the doing together. I think combining the doing together. I think combining the the the the ability to gather your history [music] ability to gather your history [music] ability to gather your history [music] data, your EMR, your wearables, imaging, data, your EMR, your wearables, imaging, data, your EMR, your wearables, imaging, lab data, all putting it together and lab data, all putting it together and lab data, all putting it together and helping people understand their biology helping people understand their biology helping people understand their biology is is really revolutionary. [music] is is really revolutionary. [music] is is really revolutionary. [music] I'm so super excited about it. Thank you I'm so super excited about it. Thank you I'm so super excited about it. Thank you so much, Mark. It's a It's a pleasure so much, Mark. It's a It's a pleasure so much, Mark. It's a It's a pleasure and a privilege to talk with [music] you and a privilege to talk with [music] you and a privilege to talk with [music] you and to work with you. Amazing. Well, and to work with you. Amazing. Well, and to work with you. Amazing. Well, thanks, Dan. If you loved that last thanks, Dan. If you loved that last thanks, Dan. If you loved that last video, you're going to love the next video, you're going to love the next video, you're going to love the next one. Check it out here.