David Sinclair: Can Aging Be Reversed? After 8 Weeks, Cells Appeared 75% Younger In Tests!

This is very This is very >> It's bad, right? >> It's bad, right? >> It's bad, right? >> It's hard. Yeah. >> It's hard. Yeah. >> It's hard. Yeah. >> That's what it's like to be old. And for >> That's what it's like to be old. And for >> That's what it's like to be old. And for far too long, we've [music] ignored it far too long, we've [music] ignored it far too long, we've [music] ignored it or accepted it as natural. And I reject or accepted it as natural. And I reject or accepted it as natural. And I reject the idea that aging just because it's the idea that aging just because it's the idea that aging just because it's natural is acceptable. Dying at 80 is natural is acceptable. Dying at 80 is natural is acceptable. Dying at 80 is not inevitable. Absolutely, that can be not inevitable. Absolutely, that can be not inevitable. Absolutely, that can be changed. So, if you're skeptical, I am a changed. So, if you're skeptical, I am a changed. So, if you're skeptical, I am a Harvard professor who has been studying Harvard professor who has been studying Harvard professor who has been studying aging, longevity, and age reversal for aging, longevity, and age reversal for aging, longevity, and age reversal for 30 years. And I've seen enough from my 30 years. And I've seen enough from my 30 years. And I've seen enough from my lab showing that we can literally now lab showing that we can literally now lab showing that we can literally now reverse the aging process. And it's not reverse the aging process. And it's not reverse the aging process. And it's not a question of if, [music] it's a a question of if, [music] it's a a question of if, [music] it's a question of when this is going to question of when this is going to question of when this is going to happen. And everyone should stick around happen. And everyone should stick around happen. And everyone should stick around cuz I'm going to tell you some of the cuz I'm going to tell you some of the cuz I'm going to tell you some of the major things that people should be major things that people should be major things that people should be doing. They can lengthen your life by a doing. They can lengthen your life by a doing. They can lengthen your life by a decade. Hey, you're not taking that off, decade. Hey, you're not taking that off, decade. Hey, you're not taking that off, Stephen. You got 10 minutes for that. Stephen. You got 10 minutes for that. Stephen. You got 10 minutes for that. So, you can accelerate aging by smoking, So, you can accelerate aging by smoking, So, you can accelerate aging by smoking, getting an X-ray, ultrarocessed foods, getting an X-ray, ultrarocessed foods, getting an X-ray, ultrarocessed foods, excessive drinking, flying a lot. excessive drinking, flying a lot. excessive drinking, flying a lot. >> I fly all the time. >> I fly all the time. >> I fly all the time. >> That's probably accelerating your aging >> That's probably accelerating your aging >> That's probably accelerating your aging process. process. process. Even going to a rock concert and Even going to a rock concert and Even going to a rock concert and blasting your eardrums because your ear blasting your eardrums because your ear blasting your eardrums because your ear hair cells are [music] getting older hair cells are [music] getting older hair cells are [music] getting older faster. And so I look at the body like faster. And so I look at the body like faster. And so I look at the body like it's a computer and we can reinstall the it's a computer and we can reinstall the it's a computer and we can reinstall the software. And what's [music] interesting software. And what's [music] interesting software. And what's [music] interesting is when you reverse aging, diseases like is when you reverse aging, diseases like is when you reverse aging, diseases like Alzheimer's, cancer, heart disease go Alzheimer's, cancer, heart disease go Alzheimer's, cancer, heart disease go away [music] or are cured because what's away [music] or are cured because what's away [music] or are cured because what's driving a lot of those diseases is driving a lot of those diseases is driving a lot of those diseases is aging. And so my lab is like Willy aging. And so my lab is like Willy aging. And so my lab is like Willy Wonka's chocolate factory. They are Wonka's chocolate factory. They are Wonka's chocolate factory. They are making discoveries that blow me away making discoveries that blow me away making discoveries that blow me away every week. And I think we're at a every week. And I think we're at a every week. And I think we're at a turning point in human history [music] turning point in human history [music] turning point in human history [music] where you're probably going to live into where you're probably going to live into where you're probably going to live into the 22nd century if you do all the right the 22nd century if you do all the right the 22nd century if you do all the right things. things. things. >> And we're going to dig into all of those >> And we're going to dig into all of those >> And we're going to dig into all of those in great detail. But what are the in great detail. But what are the in great detail. But what are the unintended consequences of such a world unintended consequences of such a world unintended consequences of such a world where we all live longer? And also, do where we all live longer? And also, do where we all live longer? And also, do you think it's going to be possible in you think it's going to be possible in you think it's going to be possible in the next 50 years for us to live the next 50 years for us to live the next 50 years for us to live forever? And then, what's the best forever? And then, what's the best forever? And then, what's the best treatment you've discovered for hair treatment you've discovered for hair treatment you've discovered for hair loss? loss? loss? >> This is why I love your podcast, >> This is why I love your podcast, >> This is why I love your podcast, Stephen. You asked the right questions. Stephen. You asked the right questions. Stephen. You asked the right questions. So, first, So, first, So, first, >> this is super interesting to me. My team >> this is super interesting to me. My team >> this is super interesting to me. My team given me this report to show me how many given me this report to show me how many given me this report to show me how many of you that watch this show subscribe. of you that watch this show subscribe. of you that watch this show subscribe. And some of you have told us according And some of you have told us according And some of you have told us according to this that you are unsubscribed from to this that you are unsubscribed from to this that you are unsubscribed from the channel randomly. So, favor to ask the channel randomly. So, favor to ask the channel randomly. So, favor to ask all of you. Please could you check right all of you. Please could you check right all of you. Please could you check right now if you've hit the subscribe button now if you've hit the subscribe button now if you've hit the subscribe button if you are a regular viewer of the show if you are a regular viewer of the show if you are a regular viewer of the show and you like what we do here. We're and you like what we do here. We're and you like what we do here. We're approaching quite a significant landmark approaching quite a significant landmark approaching quite a significant landmark on this show in terms of a subscriber on this show in terms of a subscriber on this show in terms of a subscriber number. So, if there was one simple free number. So, if there was one simple free number. So, if there was one simple free thing that you could do to help us, my thing that you could do to help us, my thing that you could do to help us, my team, everyone here to keep this show team, everyone here to keep this show team, everyone here to keep this show free, to keep it improving year over free, to keep it improving year over free, to keep it improving year over year and week over week, it is just to year and week over week, it is just to year and week over week, it is just to hit that subscribe button and to double hit that subscribe button and to double hit that subscribe button and to double check if you've hit it. Only thing I'll check if you've hit it. Only thing I'll check if you've hit it. Only thing I'll ever ask of you, do we have a deal? If ever ask of you, do we have a deal? If ever ask of you, do we have a deal? If you do it, I'll tell you what I'll do. you do it, I'll tell you what I'll do. you do it, I'll tell you what I'll do. I'll make sure every single week, every I'll make sure every single week, every I'll make sure every single week, every single month, we fight harder and harder single month, we fight harder and harder single month, we fight harder and harder and harder and harder to bring you the and harder and harder to bring you the and harder and harder to bring you the guests and conversations that you want guests and conversations that you want guests and conversations that you want to hear. I've stayed true to that to hear. I've stayed true to that to hear. I've stayed true to that promise since the very beginning of the promise since the very beginning of the promise since the very beginning of the Dio and I will not let you down. Please Dio and I will not let you down. Please Dio and I will not let you down. Please help us. Really appreciate it. Let's get help us. Really appreciate it. Let's get help us. Really appreciate it. Let's get on with the show. on with the show. on with the show. [music] Dr. David Sinclair, I have waited many Dr. David Sinclair, I have waited many years to speak to you and I've been so years to speak to you and I've been so years to speak to you and I've been so keen to speak to you for so many years keen to speak to you for so many years keen to speak to you for so many years because so much of the research and the because so much of the research and the because so much of the research and the information I've consumed on the information I've consumed on the information I've consumed on the subjects we're going to talk about today subjects we're going to talk about today subjects we're going to talk about today comes from you directly from research comes from you directly from research comes from you directly from research you've done and from theories and ideas you've done and from theories and ideas you've done and from theories and ideas and hypotheses that you formed. I think and hypotheses that you formed. I think and hypotheses that you formed. I think the place that this conversation should the place that this conversation should the place that this conversation should start is is probably with this picture start is is probably with this picture start is is probably with this picture because it appears to be incredibly because it appears to be incredibly because it appears to be incredibly formative formative formative in your journey. Oh yes, that is an in your journey. Oh yes, that is an in your journey. Oh yes, that is an important picture. True. This is a important picture. True. This is a important picture. True. This is a picture of my grandmother and me when I picture of my grandmother and me when I picture of my grandmother and me when I was in my early 20s. I'm now 56 if was in my early 20s. I'm now 56 if was in my early 20s. I'm now 56 if you're wondering. And uh my grandmother you're wondering. And uh my grandmother you're wondering. And uh my grandmother has played a major role in my life. Uh, has played a major role in my life. Uh, has played a major role in my life. Uh, I'm gonna have to be careful not to get I'm gonna have to be careful not to get I'm gonna have to be careful not to get too emotional because, uh, she's now too emotional because, uh, she's now too emotional because, uh, she's now passed pass passed away, but she's passed pass passed away, but she's passed pass passed away, but she's inspired me to do the best I can to inspired me to do the best I can to inspired me to do the best I can to leave the world a better place than, uh, leave the world a better place than, uh, leave the world a better place than, uh, I found it. I found it. I found it. >> And there's this particular book here >> And there's this particular book here >> And there's this particular book here called Now We Are Six. called Now We Are Six. called Now We Are Six. >> It is. Anyone who's read my book, uh, >> It is. Anyone who's read my book, uh, >> It is. Anyone who's read my book, uh, lifespan knows that this book is very lifespan knows that this book is very lifespan knows that this book is very important to me. And I didn't realize important to me. And I didn't realize important to me. And I didn't realize it, of course, when I was a kid, that it, of course, when I was a kid, that it, of course, when I was a kid, that this was going to change my whole life. this was going to change my whole life. this was going to change my whole life. And there's a poem at the back there And there's a poem at the back there And there's a poem at the back there that my grandmother Vera used to read that my grandmother Vera used to read that my grandmother Vera used to read me. When I was six, and it goes like me. When I was six, and it goes like me. When I was six, and it goes like this. When I was one, I had just begun. this. When I was one, I had just begun. this. When I was one, I had just begun. When I was two, I was nearly new. When I When I was two, I was nearly new. When I When I was two, I was nearly new. When I was three, I was hardly me. When I was was three, I was hardly me. When I was was three, I was hardly me. When I was four, I was not much more. When I was four, I was not much more. When I was four, I was not much more. When I was five, I was just alive. But now I am five, I was just alive. But now I am five, I was just alive. But now I am six. I'm as clever as clever. So I think six. I'm as clever as clever. So I think six. I'm as clever as clever. So I think I'll be six now forever and ever. I'll be six now forever and ever. I'll be six now forever and ever. I'm getting chills reading this again I'm getting chills reading this again I'm getting chills reading this again and hearing this poem again because the and hearing this poem again because the and hearing this poem again because the impact on me was the following that impact on me was the following that impact on me was the following that subconsciously my grandmother was saying subconsciously my grandmother was saying subconsciously my grandmother was saying you you don't want to grow up adults can you you don't want to grow up adults can you you don't want to grow up adults can be evil. She grew up after World War II. be evil. She grew up after World War II. be evil. She grew up after World War II. There was horrendous uh impact on her There was horrendous uh impact on her There was horrendous uh impact on her and her family in Hungary. and her family in Hungary. and her family in Hungary. and she thought that a child is innocent and she thought that a child is innocent and she thought that a child is innocent and people shouldn't grow up. But what and people shouldn't grow up. But what and people shouldn't grow up. But what actually happened was I realized why do actually happened was I realized why do actually happened was I realized why do people grow old? That's a terrible thing people grow old? That's a terrible thing people grow old? That's a terrible thing to happen. And so I've spent my life to happen. And so I've spent my life to happen. And so I've spent my life trying to figure out why do we get old? trying to figure out why do we get old? trying to figure out why do we get old? Why do we grow up? Why do we get frail? Why do we grow up? Why do we get frail? Why do we grow up? Why do we get frail? Because I also think that if we can Because I also think that if we can Because I also think that if we can solve that, understand it, slow it, even solve that, understand it, slow it, even solve that, understand it, slow it, even reverse it now, we will have the biggest reverse it now, we will have the biggest reverse it now, we will have the biggest impact on human health in history. Am I impact on human health in history. Am I impact on human health in history. Am I right in thinking your grandmother told right in thinking your grandmother told right in thinking your grandmother told you at that young age that she was going you at that young age that she was going you at that young age that she was going to die, that you were going to die, that to die, that you were going to die, that to die, that you were going to die, that your parents were going to die? your parents were going to die? your parents were going to die? >> Yes. Uh she did tell me that. I remember >> Yes. Uh she did tell me that. I remember >> Yes. Uh she did tell me that. I remember it very clearly actually. I was on the it very clearly actually. I was on the it very clearly actually. I was on the floor and she was crouching down and I floor and she was crouching down and I floor and she was crouching down and I said, "Vera, I didn't call her grandma." said, "Vera, I didn't call her grandma." said, "Vera, I didn't call her grandma." She didn't want to be called grandma. She didn't want to be called grandma. She didn't want to be called grandma. She wanted to be young like a kid, too. She wanted to be young like a kid, too. She wanted to be young like a kid, too. I said, "Vera, will will you always be I said, "Vera, will will you always be I said, "Vera, will will you always be here to protect me? Will you always be here to protect me? Will you always be here to protect me? Will you always be around?" And she said, "No, I'm going to around?" And she said, "No, I'm going to around?" And she said, "No, I'm going to die." I'm like, "What do you mean?" She die." I'm like, "What do you mean?" She die." I'm like, "What do you mean?" She goes, "Every everything dies. I'm going goes, "Every everything dies. I'm going goes, "Every everything dies. I'm going to be gone. Your parents will be gone. to be gone. Your parents will be gone. to be gone. Your parents will be gone. Your pet cat will be dead pretty soon. Your pet cat will be dead pretty soon. Your pet cat will be dead pretty soon. And you yourself will be dead one day. And you yourself will be dead one day. And you yourself will be dead one day. At age, you know, four or five. That At age, you know, four or five. That At age, you know, four or five. That that's that's heart-wrenching, right? that's that's heart-wrenching, right? that's that's heart-wrenching, right? We've all gone through this realization We've all gone through this realization We've all gone through this realization around that age that the world that we around that age that the world that we around that age that the world that we believe in and see will one day all be believe in and see will one day all be believe in and see will one day all be gone. That moment, I remember it so gone. That moment, I remember it so gone. That moment, I remember it so clearly because I thought that's not clearly because I thought that's not clearly because I thought that's not fair. Why would any species be made or fair. Why would any species be made or fair. Why would any species be made or created that knew that fact? That's created that knew that fact? That's created that knew that fact? That's cruel. It's better to either not know or cruel. It's better to either not know or cruel. It's better to either not know or to not exist. But to know that that's to not exist. But to know that that's to not exist. But to know that that's what's going to happen is really cruel. what's going to happen is really cruel. what's going to happen is really cruel. And so I I I vowed actually legitimately And so I I I vowed actually legitimately And so I I I vowed actually legitimately around the age of 18 to get a PhD to go around the age of 18 to get a PhD to go around the age of 18 to get a PhD to go to the United States and develop a to the United States and develop a to the United States and develop a research lab to try and do something research lab to try and do something research lab to try and do something about it. The preservation of health and about it. The preservation of health and about it. The preservation of health and life is the most important thing that we life is the most important thing that we life is the most important thing that we can do as human beings. We do it with can do as human beings. We do it with can do as human beings. We do it with some drugs to treat that disease and the some drugs to treat that disease and the some drugs to treat that disease and the other disease, cancer, heart disease, other disease, cancer, heart disease, other disease, cancer, heart disease, Alzheimer's. Alzheimer's. Alzheimer's. But what's underlying that? What's But what's underlying that? What's But what's underlying that? What's really causing about 150 to 200,000 really causing about 150 to 200,000 really causing about 150 to 200,000 people every day to die is the people every day to die is the people every day to die is the underlying universal process we call underlying universal process we call underlying universal process we call aging. And for far too long, we've aging. And for far too long, we've aging. And for far too long, we've ignored it or accepted it as natural, ignored it or accepted it as natural, ignored it or accepted it as natural, therefore acceptable. And I I I therefore acceptable. And I I I therefore acceptable. And I I I fundamentally reject the idea that aging fundamentally reject the idea that aging fundamentally reject the idea that aging just because it's natural is acceptable. just because it's natural is acceptable. just because it's natural is acceptable. There will be a day when we look back at There will be a day when we look back at There will be a day when we look back at today and think how medieval were were today and think how medieval were were today and think how medieval were were our medicines and how sad it was that we our medicines and how sad it was that we our medicines and how sad it was that we accepted that we became frail before accepted that we became frail before accepted that we became frail before 100. 100. 100. If someone has just clicked on this If someone has just clicked on this If someone has just clicked on this conversation now and they deep in their conversation now and they deep in their conversation now and they deep in their core core core believe that they're probably going to believe that they're probably going to believe that they're probably going to live to 80 years old and that we all are live to 80 years old and that we all are live to 80 years old and that we all are and that we're never going to be able to and that we're never going to be able to and that we're never going to be able to do anything about it cuz that's just the do anything about it cuz that's just the do anything about it cuz that's just the way that it is. People get old and then way that it is. People get old and then way that it is. People get old and then they die and aging is a fact of life as they die and aging is a fact of life as they die and aging is a fact of life as the phrase goes and you just have to the phrase goes and you just have to the phrase goes and you just have to accept it. accept it. accept it. If that's their sort of core belief, If that's their sort of core belief, If that's their sort of core belief, what is the what is the most persuasive what is the what is the most persuasive what is the what is the most persuasive sort of topline argument to that person sort of topline argument to that person sort of topline argument to that person to convince them that in the next two to convince them that in the next two to convince them that in the next two hours when we have this conversation, hours when we have this conversation, hours when we have this conversation, we will do a job of both reversing that we will do a job of both reversing that we will do a job of both reversing that belief or at least challenging it in belief or at least challenging it in belief or at least challenging it in some way and then also presenting them some way and then also presenting them some way and then also presenting them with a set of possible solutions. with a set of possible solutions. with a set of possible solutions. >> Yeah. All right. So, first of all, who >> Yeah. All right. So, first of all, who >> Yeah. All right. So, first of all, who am I? Um, I'm a Harvard professor. I've am I? Um, I'm a Harvard professor. I've am I? Um, I'm a Harvard professor. I've been studying aging longevity and age been studying aging longevity and age been studying aging longevity and age reversal for 30 years. The technology reversal for 30 years. The technology reversal for 30 years. The technology now that we have in my lab that is used now that we have in my lab that is used now that we have in my lab that is used every day by my students literally every day by my students literally every day by my students literally reverses the age of tissues in animals reverses the age of tissues in animals reverses the age of tissues in animals in human tissue that we grow in the lab. in human tissue that we grow in the lab. in human tissue that we grow in the lab. And the first human trials to test this And the first human trials to test this And the first human trials to test this are going to be performed in about a are going to be performed in about a are going to be performed in about a month from now. And if it works, it'll month from now. And if it works, it'll month from now. And if it works, it'll transform human history. It means that transform human history. It means that transform human history. It means that we're on a path to finally being able to we're on a path to finally being able to we're on a path to finally being able to reset the age of the human body. Not by reset the age of the human body. Not by reset the age of the human body. Not by a year, not by 10 years, but even more a year, not by 10 years, but even more a year, not by 10 years, but even more than that. And what happens when you do than that. And what happens when you do than that. And what happens when you do that? What we're finding in animals, that? What we're finding in animals, that? What we're finding in animals, that includes primates, is that we can that includes primates, is that we can that includes primates, is that we can cure things that have previously been cure things that have previously been cure things that have previously been impossible, including blindness, by the impossible, including blindness, by the impossible, including blindness, by the way. And so, if you're listening and way. And so, if you're listening and way. And so, if you're listening and you're skeptical, you're skeptical, you're skeptical, I'm not some hack. I am a Harvard I'm not some hack. I am a Harvard I'm not some hack. I am a Harvard professor who is telling the world and professor who is telling the world and professor who is telling the world and has written a book about it and every has written a book about it and every has written a book about it and every day spends my life researching with a day spends my life researching with a day spends my life researching with a team of the best scientists I can gather team of the best scientists I can gather team of the best scientists I can gather around the world showing that we can around the world showing that we can around the world showing that we can literally now reverse the aging process literally now reverse the aging process literally now reverse the aging process and reset how old the body is in and reset how old the body is in and reset how old the body is in animals. Yes, but potentially this year animals. Yes, but potentially this year animals. Yes, but potentially this year showing it can work in the human body as showing it can work in the human body as showing it can work in the human body as well. So you're doing the first ever well. So you're doing the first ever well. So you're doing the first ever trial of this type in humans to reverse trial of this type in humans to reverse trial of this type in humans to reverse aging aging aging next month. next month. next month. >> Yes. So we've submitted a form to the >> Yes. So we've submitted a form to the >> Yes. So we've submitted a form to the you know the FDA in the US to get you know the FDA in the US to get you know the FDA in the US to get approval to treat blindness couple of approval to treat blindness couple of approval to treat blindness couple of types of blindness in people types of blindness in people types of blindness in people um as early if all goes well as next um as early if all goes well as next um as early if all goes well as next month. month. month. >> And what what exactly is happening >> And what what exactly is happening >> And what what exactly is happening there? cuz there's many ways one might there? cuz there's many ways one might there? cuz there's many ways one might fix blindness, fix blindness, fix blindness, >> you know. What is it you're doing to the >> you know. What is it you're doing to the >> you know. What is it you're doing to the eyeball that is a precursor of our eyeball that is a precursor of our eyeball that is a precursor of our potential ability to reverse aging potential ability to reverse aging potential ability to reverse aging generally? generally? generally? >> Yeah. Well, we chose the eye not because >> Yeah. Well, we chose the eye not because >> Yeah. Well, we chose the eye not because it was going to work well, but because it was going to work well, but because it was going to work well, but because it's a it's a nice system to study age it's a it's a nice system to study age it's a it's a nice system to study age reversal. The eye is an enclosed space, reversal. The eye is an enclosed space, reversal. The eye is an enclosed space, and so it's much safer than trying to and so it's much safer than trying to and so it's much safer than trying to initially reverse the age of the whole initially reverse the age of the whole initially reverse the age of the whole body. Now in mice we reverse the age of body. Now in mice we reverse the age of body. Now in mice we reverse the age of the whole body and the effect is the whole body and the effect is the whole body and the effect is longevity rejuvenation the skin gets longevity rejuvenation the skin gets longevity rejuvenation the skin gets better all parts of the animal get get better all parts of the animal get get better all parts of the animal get get healthier and younger but in humans you healthier and younger but in humans you healthier and younger but in humans you you don't want to go straight to you don't want to go straight to you don't want to go straight to rejuvenation uh because in case rejuvenation uh because in case rejuvenation uh because in case something goes wrong it could set us way something goes wrong it could set us way something goes wrong it could set us way back and we have to make sure we don't back and we have to make sure we don't back and we have to make sure we don't have any safety mishaps. So we're being have any safety mishaps. So we're being have any safety mishaps. So we're being a little cautious in humans in mice it's a little cautious in humans in mice it's a little cautious in humans in mice it's a little different. So, in the human a little different. So, in the human a little different. So, in the human eye, eye, eye, >> just for those that aren't watching the >> just for those that aren't watching the >> just for those that aren't watching the video, there is a an eye on the table. video, there is a an eye on the table. video, there is a an eye on the table. >> Well, a plastic eye. It's a it's a >> Well, a plastic eye. It's a it's a >> Well, a plastic eye. It's a it's a larger version of an eye, but yes, uh larger version of an eye, but yes, uh larger version of an eye, but yes, uh Steven's right. What we're doing, we're Steven's right. What we're doing, we're Steven's right. What we're doing, we're going to look at the back of the eye, going to look at the back of the eye, going to look at the back of the eye, which is your retina, and that's where which is your retina, and that's where which is your retina, and that's where the light hits. And at that point, there the light hits. And at that point, there the light hits. And at that point, there are a lot of nerves that coalesce into are a lot of nerves that coalesce into are a lot of nerves that coalesce into the optic nerve that runs to the brain the optic nerve that runs to the brain the optic nerve that runs to the brain by just a few millimeters. So, the brain by just a few millimeters. So, the brain by just a few millimeters. So, the brain is here. The eye is actually part of the is here. The eye is actually part of the is here. The eye is actually part of the brain. A lot of people don't know that brain. A lot of people don't know that brain. A lot of people don't know that you can touch your brain if you touch you can touch your brain if you touch you can touch your brain if you touch your eye. your eye. your eye. >> Um, >> Um, >> Um, >> so the optic nerve gets old and what >> so the optic nerve gets old and what >> so the optic nerve gets old and what we've discovered if it gets damaged or we've discovered if it gets damaged or we've discovered if it gets damaged or gets old, it's not working. But the gets old, it's not working. But the gets old, it's not working. But the nerves for most the most part if you're nerves for most the most part if you're nerves for most the most part if you're old are still there. They just forget old are still there. They just forget old are still there. They just forget how to work. And that's aging. And later how to work. And that's aging. And later how to work. And that's aging. And later everyone should stick around because I'm everyone should stick around because I'm everyone should stick around because I'm going to tell you why it is we get old going to tell you why it is we get old going to tell you why it is we get old and how it is we reverse it. But but for and how it is we reverse it. But but for and how it is we reverse it. But but for this this model, what we're doing is this this model, what we're doing is this this model, what we're doing is we're introducing a set of three genes we're introducing a set of three genes we're introducing a set of three genes into this optic nerve at the back of the into this optic nerve at the back of the into this optic nerve at the back of the eye and turning them on for 6 to 8 eye and turning them on for 6 to 8 eye and turning them on for 6 to 8 weeks. weeks. weeks. And those three genes are what we now And those three genes are what we now And those three genes are what we now know reset safely, apparently safely, know reset safely, apparently safely, know reset safely, apparently safely, reset the age of cells, including reset the age of cells, including reset the age of cells, including nerves, by about 75% and then stop. They nerves, by about 75% and then stop. They nerves, by about 75% and then stop. They don't go more than that, which is good. don't go more than that, which is good. don't go more than that, which is good. We don't want to go back to zero. I We don't want to go back to zero. I We don't want to go back to zero. I don't think anyone wants to go back to don't think anyone wants to go back to don't think anyone wants to go back to high school. high school. high school. >> But this is the way it works. And we >> But this is the way it works. And we >> But this is the way it works. And we chose the optic nerve because it's a chose the optic nerve because it's a chose the optic nerve because it's a safe enclosed system, not because it safe enclosed system, not because it safe enclosed system, not because it should work better in optic nerves. In should work better in optic nerves. In should work better in optic nerves. In fact, we've now done it in mice in my fact, we've now done it in mice in my fact, we've now done it in mice in my lab for the brain. Uh we're doing lab for the brain. Uh we're doing lab for the brain. Uh we're doing hearing. We've done skin. Uh we did hearing. We've done skin. Uh we did hearing. We've done skin. Uh we did multiple scerosis. Uh we're now doing multiple scerosis. Uh we're now doing multiple scerosis. Uh we're now doing motor neuron disease and seeing great motor neuron disease and seeing great motor neuron disease and seeing great effects. So it's important to know I'm effects. So it's important to know I'm effects. So it's important to know I'm not an eye specialist. I didn't choose not an eye specialist. I didn't choose not an eye specialist. I didn't choose the eye cuz I love the eye. I chose it the eye cuz I love the eye. I chose it the eye cuz I love the eye. I chose it because that's a good place to start for because that's a good place to start for because that's a good place to start for age reversal in humans this year. age reversal in humans this year. age reversal in humans this year. >> You mentioned a second ago you've been >> You mentioned a second ago you've been >> You mentioned a second ago you've been able to extend the life of mice in your able to extend the life of mice in your able to extend the life of mice in your laboratory. laboratory. laboratory. How and by how much? Is it the same How and by how much? Is it the same How and by how much? Is it the same process and by how much? process and by how much? process and by how much? >> Right. Well, the the study that that I >> Right. Well, the the study that that I >> Right. Well, the the study that that I was referring to was done using our was referring to was done using our was referring to was done using our technology in an independent lab, which technology in an independent lab, which technology in an independent lab, which is you might argue even better than is you might argue even better than is you might argue even better than having done it in my lab. Instead of having done it in my lab. Instead of having done it in my lab. Instead of putting the three reversal genes into putting the three reversal genes into putting the three reversal genes into the eye, they injected into the vein of the eye, they injected into the vein of the eye, they injected into the vein of the mouse, the old mice, uh, and turned the mouse, the old mice, uh, and turned the mouse, the old mice, uh, and turned it on in these really old mice. These it on in these really old mice. These it on in these really old mice. These mice would be the equivalent of about 80 mice would be the equivalent of about 80 mice would be the equivalent of about 80 to 85 years. So, they're really old to 85 years. So, they're really old to 85 years. So, they're really old mice. They're really frail. And just any mice. They're really frail. And just any mice. They're really frail. And just any any extension in their lifespan and any extension in their lifespan and any extension in their lifespan and health would be bet would be a great health would be bet would be a great health would be bet would be a great thing. And they got an additional 100% thing. And they got an additional 100% thing. And they got an additional 100% lifespan extension. Additional. So, lifespan extension. Additional. So, lifespan extension. Additional. So, >> that would be like an 80-year-old living >> that would be like an 80-year-old living >> that would be like an 80-year-old living to 160. Well, the remaining life of an to 160. Well, the remaining life of an to 160. Well, the remaining life of an 80-year-old isn't long. 80-year-old isn't long. 80-year-old isn't long. >> Oh, okay. >> Oh, okay. >> Oh, okay. >> Right. So, let's let's say if you're >> Right. So, let's let's say if you're >> Right. So, let's let's say if you're give it to a 70-year-old on average, give it to a 70-year-old on average, give it to a 70-year-old on average, they'd have another 10 years to go. Give they'd have another 10 years to go. Give they'd have another 10 years to go. Give them 20 years. So, it's that them 20 years. So, it's that them 20 years. So, it's that calculation. Um, but that was not an calculation. Um, but that was not an calculation. Um, but that was not an optimized study. They just did a Hail optimized study. They just did a Hail optimized study. They just did a Hail Mary injection, turn it on, see what Mary injection, turn it on, see what Mary injection, turn it on, see what would happen. would happen. would happen. >> And I I heard when we did a bit of a >> And I I heard when we did a bit of a >> And I I heard when we did a bit of a research call, you say, "The world research call, you say, "The world research call, you say, "The world doesn't know how close we are." The doesn't know how close we are." The doesn't know how close we are." The world doesn't know how close we are to world doesn't know how close we are to world doesn't know how close we are to what? to being able to safely reverse what? to being able to safely reverse what? to being able to safely reverse the age of the human body. the age of the human body. the age of the human body. >> How can you be so sure? >> How can you be so sure? >> How can you be so sure? >> I'm not sure. But I'm confident that the >> I'm not sure. But I'm confident that the >> I'm not sure. But I'm confident that the science is solid, right? That the the science is solid, right? That the the science is solid, right? That the the biology of aging is is understood. I biology of aging is is understood. I biology of aging is is understood. I believe in concept. My theory called the believe in concept. My theory called the believe in concept. My theory called the information theory of aging has so far information theory of aging has so far information theory of aging has so far been not disproven, which is important been not disproven, which is important been not disproven, which is important for a scientist. And that has allowed us for a scientist. And that has allowed us for a scientist. And that has allowed us to succeed really for the first time to to succeed really for the first time to to succeed really for the first time to safely reverse aging. And I now believe safely reverse aging. And I now believe safely reverse aging. And I now believe and though I didn't 10 years ago, I now and though I didn't 10 years ago, I now and though I didn't 10 years ago, I now believe in my lifetime I'm going to see believe in my lifetime I'm going to see believe in my lifetime I'm going to see medicines on the market that reset the medicines on the market that reset the medicines on the market that reset the age or at least reverse in a large part age or at least reverse in a large part age or at least reverse in a large part uh the age of the body. And that that uh the age of the body. And that that uh the age of the body. And that that initially won't be to make us just look initially won't be to make us just look initially won't be to make us just look better and feel better, although that's better and feel better, although that's better and feel better, although that's what a lot of us want. It's going to be what a lot of us want. It's going to be what a lot of us want. It's going to be used to cure, certainly prevent, but used to cure, certainly prevent, but used to cure, certainly prevent, but definitely cure diseases that are definitely cure diseases that are definitely cure diseases that are currently incurable. So, we're I think currently incurable. So, we're I think currently incurable. So, we're I think we're at a turning point, dare I say, in we're at a turning point, dare I say, in we're at a turning point, dare I say, in human history. It's not a question of human history. It's not a question of human history. It's not a question of if, it's a question of when this is if, it's a question of when this is if, it's a question of when this is going to happen. going to happen. going to happen. >> I want to get into your theory of aging, >> I want to get into your theory of aging, >> I want to get into your theory of aging, which we talked about there. Um, but you which we talked about there. Um, but you which we talked about there. Um, but you did have a prediction before I get to did have a prediction before I get to did have a prediction before I get to there about there about there about how you think we'll be potentially how you think we'll be potentially how you think we'll be potentially taking a pill in 10 years time every taking a pill in 10 years time every taking a pill in 10 years time every couple of weeks that will make us couple of weeks that will make us couple of weeks that will make us younger. Can you explain to me that younger. Can you explain to me that younger. Can you explain to me that prediction? What is what is the prediction? What is what is the prediction? What is what is the prediction? prediction? prediction? >> I I do believe that I and you're about >> I I do believe that I and you're about >> I I do believe that I and you're about 20 something years younger than me. 20 something years younger than me. 20 something years younger than me. You're going to see this for sure that You're going to see this for sure that You're going to see this for sure that there will be a pill. So you might say, there will be a pill. So you might say, there will be a pill. So you might say, "Well, my critics might say, "Well, "Well, my critics might say, "Well, "Well, my critics might say, "Well, David, that's exaggerating, right? David, that's exaggerating, right? David, that's exaggerating, right? You're still trying to get this gene You're still trying to get this gene You're still trying to get this gene these genes to work. How's it going to these genes to work. How's it going to these genes to work. How's it going to be a pill? But this is where my lab be a pill? But this is where my lab be a pill? But this is where my lab comes in. My lab is like Willy Wonka's comes in. My lab is like Willy Wonka's comes in. My lab is like Willy Wonka's chocolate factory if you visit. It's chocolate factory if you visit. It's chocolate factory if you visit. It's magical. And the students that I teach magical. And the students that I teach magical. And the students that I teach and the trainees who are sometimes in and the trainees who are sometimes in and the trainees who are sometimes in their 30s and even 40s who are, you their 30s and even 40s who are, you their 30s and even 40s who are, you know, brilliant scientists. Uh there's know, brilliant scientists. Uh there's know, brilliant scientists. Uh there's about 25 of us. They are making about 25 of us. They are making about 25 of us. They are making discoveries that blow me away every discoveries that blow me away every discoveries that blow me away every week. It's not a pill cuz you can't give week. It's not a pill cuz you can't give week. It's not a pill cuz you can't give a mouse a pill. They won't chew it. But a mouse a pill. They won't chew it. But a mouse a pill. They won't chew it. But we give them a liquid down their throat. we give them a liquid down their throat. we give them a liquid down their throat. It's a drink. And within four weeks, we It's a drink. And within four weeks, we It's a drink. And within four weeks, we can rejuvenate them. Not with this this can rejuvenate them. Not with this this can rejuvenate them. Not with this this these genes anymore that we're giving these genes anymore that we're giving these genes anymore that we're giving humans. That's the old older technology. humans. That's the old older technology. humans. That's the old older technology. The new technology is something you can The new technology is something you can The new technology is something you can swallow swallow swallow in a mouse and rejuvenate them in 4 in a mouse and rejuvenate them in 4 in a mouse and rejuvenate them in 4 weeks. It's normal for my students to weeks. It's normal for my students to weeks. It's normal for my students to say, "Oh yeah, we just rejuvenated the say, "Oh yeah, we just rejuvenated the say, "Oh yeah, we just rejuvenated the ear. We just rejuvenated the skin. uh we ear. We just rejuvenated the skin. uh we ear. We just rejuvenated the skin. uh we just cured ALS, motor neuron disease in just cured ALS, motor neuron disease in just cured ALS, motor neuron disease in these animals. By the way, speed and these animals. By the way, speed and these animals. By the way, speed and Stephen, this isn't just each disease Stephen, this isn't just each disease Stephen, this isn't just each disease doesn't get a different medicine. Each doesn't get a different medicine. Each doesn't get a different medicine. Each disease doesn't get a different set of disease doesn't get a different set of disease doesn't get a different set of genes. It's the same set of genes, the genes. It's the same set of genes, the genes. It's the same set of genes, the same molecules that treat cure multiple same molecules that treat cure multiple same molecules that treat cure multiple scerosis as the same one that cures scerosis as the same one that cures scerosis as the same one that cures blindness in mice. blindness in mice. blindness in mice. So, let that sink in. The same drug that So, let that sink in. The same drug that So, let that sink in. The same drug that we're using in the eye will be used to we're using in the eye will be used to we're using in the eye will be used to treat other diseases in the body, even treat other diseases in the body, even treat other diseases in the body, even liver disease. So if if your predictions liver disease. So if if your predictions liver disease. So if if your predictions are correct and your timeline is are correct and your timeline is are correct and your timeline is correct, correct, correct, what does this mean for the way that I what does this mean for the way that I what does this mean for the way that I should be living my life right now? should be living my life right now? should be living my life right now? >> Most people look at their parents and >> Most people look at their parents and >> Most people look at their parents and their grandparents and think that's what their grandparents and think that's what their grandparents and think that's what my life will be like. I'm going to be my life will be like. I'm going to be my life will be like. I'm going to be frail in my 80s. That's not true for us. frail in my 80s. That's not true for us. frail in my 80s. That's not true for us. I like the Wright brothers analogy. It'd I like the Wright brothers analogy. It'd I like the Wright brothers analogy. It'd be like in 1900 saying we're always be like in 1900 saying we're always be like in 1900 saying we're always going to travel as fast as a horse. going to travel as fast as a horse. going to travel as fast as a horse. That's not true, right? The 20th century That's not true, right? The 20th century That's not true, right? The 20th century saw that we could go tens of thousands saw that we could go tens of thousands saw that we could go tens of thousands of kilometers. They went to the moon, of kilometers. They went to the moon, of kilometers. They went to the moon, right? That's what our generation is right? That's what our generation is right? That's what our generation is when it comes to biology and aging. when it comes to biology and aging. when it comes to biology and aging. Previous generations are no guide to Previous generations are no guide to Previous generations are no guide to what our lifespan is going to be like. what our lifespan is going to be like. what our lifespan is going to be like. You're going to potentially live to the You're going to potentially live to the You're going to potentially live to the 22nd century. If you do all the right 22nd century. If you do all the right 22nd century. If you do all the right things, technology keeps increasing, things, technology keeps increasing, things, technology keeps increasing, right? What kind of technologies will we right? What kind of technologies will we right? What kind of technologies will we have in 50 years? have in 50 years? have in 50 years? >> You'll be around in 50 years. >> You'll be around in 50 years. >> You'll be around in 50 years. >> Hope so. >> Hope so. >> Hope so. >> You're a healthy guy. I know you are. >> You're a healthy guy. I know you are. >> You're a healthy guy. I know you are. All right. So in 50 years, what kind of All right. So in 50 years, what kind of All right. So in 50 years, what kind of things will you be able to do? things will you be able to do? things will you be able to do? >> Gosh, >> Gosh, >> Gosh, >> this is what most people forget is that >> this is what most people forget is that >> this is what most people forget is that technology isn't static. When you're technology isn't static. When you're technology isn't static. When you're old, you will not be using today's old, you will not be using today's old, you will not be using today's technology. You'll be using technology technology. You'll be using technology technology. You'll be using technology of 2070, 2080, right? of 2070, 2080, right? of 2070, 2080, right? >> And then you'll be able to live into the >> And then you'll be able to live into the >> And then you'll be able to live into the 22nd century and take advantage of those 22nd century and take advantage of those 22nd century and take advantage of those technologies. That's why people talk technologies. That's why people talk technologies. That's why people talk about the singularity. The singularity about the singularity. The singularity about the singularity. The singularity is this idea that if you can make it to is this idea that if you can make it to is this idea that if you can make it to a certain point in human history, you a certain point in human history, you a certain point in human history, you won't have to age anymore. won't have to age anymore. won't have to age anymore. And that that's in the future, right? And that that's in the future, right? And that that's in the future, right? But first steps first, let's show that But first steps first, let's show that But first steps first, let's show that we can get this to cure blindness and we can get this to cure blindness and we can get this to cure blindness and then get to the point where every year then get to the point where every year then get to the point where every year that we get one year older, we can get that we get one year older, we can get that we get one year older, we can get one year younger. When that happens, one year younger. When that happens, one year younger. When that happens, it's a very interesting world, right? it's a very interesting world, right? it's a very interesting world, right? You don't have to age anymore. That is a You don't have to age anymore. That is a You don't have to age anymore. That is a future. I don't know when we're going to future. I don't know when we're going to future. I don't know when we're going to get there, get there, get there, but if you don't live 10 to 20 years but if you don't live 10 to 20 years but if you don't live 10 to 20 years longer than your parents, something's longer than your parents, something's longer than your parents, something's wrong wrong wrong >> on that point of the singularity. So, >> on that point of the singularity. So, >> on that point of the singularity. So, this is a particular moment in time this is a particular moment in time this is a particular moment in time where we're going to be able to make where we're going to be able to make where we're going to be able to make aging or age reversal, I guess, a aging or age reversal, I guess, a aging or age reversal, I guess, a choice, right? So, the I guess the choice, right? So, the I guess the choice, right? So, the I guess the thinking or the theory is that if you thinking or the theory is that if you thinking or the theory is that if you can just make sure you survive up until can just make sure you survive up until can just make sure you survive up until this particular date, then you have the this particular date, then you have the this particular date, then you have the choice to live forever. Is that how is choice to live forever. Is that how is choice to live forever. Is that how is that like the that like the that like the >> Well, that's what they say. Yes. Uh >> Well, that's what they say. Yes. Uh >> Well, that's what they say. Yes. Uh there are a lot of proponents of that, there are a lot of proponents of that, there are a lot of proponents of that, but that that's an idea. And but that that's an idea. And but that that's an idea. And >> isn't it logically true though? It's >> isn't it logically true though? It's >> isn't it logically true though? It's like logically like logically like logically >> it's an Yeah, it's an extension of what >> it's an Yeah, it's an extension of what >> it's an Yeah, it's an extension of what I'm I'm talking about. Um but I don't I'm I'm talking about. Um but I don't I'm I'm talking about. Um but I don't know when that's going to be. It's I know when that's going to be. It's I know when that's going to be. It's I think Ray Curtzwell said it's coming think Ray Curtzwell said it's coming think Ray Curtzwell said it's coming soon. soon. soon. >> Did he have a prediction? I think >> Did he have a prediction? I think >> Did he have a prediction? I think >> it was in the 2040s sometime. >> it was in the 2040s sometime. >> it was in the 2040s sometime. >> So Ray Curtzwell is a famous futurist >> So Ray Curtzwell is a famous futurist >> So Ray Curtzwell is a famous futurist that seems to predict the future really that seems to predict the future really that seems to predict the future really well um across multiple disciplines. So well um across multiple disciplines. So well um across multiple disciplines. So he said 2040. he said 2040. he said 2040. >> Yeah, that's my recollection. It's >> Yeah, that's my recollection. It's >> Yeah, that's my recollection. It's around there. around there. around there. >> Do you believe that? because I'm going >> Do you believe that? because I'm going >> Do you believe that? because I'm going to hang on till 2014. I'm to hang on till 2014. I'm to hang on till 2014. I'm >> skeptical. I won't leave the house. >> skeptical. I won't leave the house. >> skeptical. I won't leave the house. >> I mean, Ry is a smart guy, right? He >> I mean, Ry is a smart guy, right? He >> I mean, Ry is a smart guy, right? He predicted AI and all that's happening. predicted AI and all that's happening. predicted AI and all that's happening. So, it's it's it's dangerous to bet So, it's it's it's dangerous to bet So, it's it's it's dangerous to bet against Ray's predictions. I I remain against Ray's predictions. I I remain against Ray's predictions. I I remain skeptical. You know, as one of the skeptical. You know, as one of the skeptical. You know, as one of the leaders in the field, I think we have a leaders in the field, I think we have a leaders in the field, I think we have a lot still to do. That said, if this lot still to do. That said, if this lot still to do. That said, if this trial works this year, we will be in new trial works this year, we will be in new trial works this year, we will be in new territory. We will be on a path to age territory. We will be on a path to age territory. We will be on a path to age reversal in the whole body. It's going reversal in the whole body. It's going reversal in the whole body. It's going to happen. And you know, and right now to happen. And you know, and right now to happen. And you know, and right now it's now 2026. We're talking it's now 2026. We're talking it's now 2026. We're talking 2040 is a number of years away. It could 2040 is a number of years away. It could 2040 is a number of years away. It could be that we truly are able to multiply be that we truly are able to multiply be that we truly are able to multiply reset the age of the body. That's that's reset the age of the body. That's that's reset the age of the body. That's that's another thing that that's often missed. another thing that that's often missed. another thing that that's often missed. We can re reverse the age of the eye not We can re reverse the age of the eye not We can re reverse the age of the eye not just once, but seemingly as many times just once, but seemingly as many times just once, but seemingly as many times as we want. In mice, we've done it at as we want. In mice, we've done it at as we want. In mice, we've done it at least twice. We didn't do it a third least twice. We didn't do it a third least twice. We didn't do it a third time because the mice actually just got time because the mice actually just got time because the mice actually just got old and they died. But they died with old and they died. But they died with old and they died. But they died with perfect eyesight. But the point is that perfect eyesight. But the point is that perfect eyesight. But the point is that we we don't believe it's a one-shot we we don't believe it's a one-shot we we don't believe it's a one-shot wander. You can keep reversing aging and wander. You can keep reversing aging and wander. You can keep reversing aging and then you age out and then you reverse it then you age out and then you reverse it then you age out and then you reverse it again and you just keep going. And if again and you just keep going. And if again and you just keep going. And if that's true, then it is possible that we that's true, then it is possible that we that's true, then it is possible that we will live dramatically longer. I don't will live dramatically longer. I don't will live dramatically longer. I don't yet see any technology in the near yet see any technology in the near yet see any technology in the near horizon that will make us live forever. horizon that will make us live forever. horizon that will make us live forever. But I do see that we'll have a radical But I do see that we'll have a radical But I do see that we'll have a radical change in how we treat diseases and how change in how we treat diseases and how change in how we treat diseases and how long we can live. long we can live. long we can live. >> So let's talk about what aging actually >> So let's talk about what aging actually >> So let's talk about what aging actually is. And can you explain this to me like is. And can you explain this to me like is. And can you explain this to me like I'm a total idiot because that will I'm a total idiot because that will I'm a total idiot because that will help. help. help. >> Well, that's difficult because you're >> Well, that's difficult because you're >> Well, that's difficult because you're not a total idiot. But this is my theory not a total idiot. But this is my theory not a total idiot. But this is my theory is that aging is not just wearing out. is that aging is not just wearing out. is that aging is not just wearing out. It's not just that your body becomes old It's not just that your body becomes old It's not just that your body becomes old and dysfunctional and you get pain, you and dysfunctional and you get pain, you and dysfunctional and you get pain, you get inflammation, and you die from a get inflammation, and you die from a get inflammation, and you die from a disease. I look at the body like it's a disease. I look at the body like it's a disease. I look at the body like it's a a computer. It's software a computer. It's software a computer. It's software and we can reinstall the software. In my and we can reinstall the software. In my and we can reinstall the software. In my lab, we believe we've found the way to lab, we believe we've found the way to lab, we believe we've found the way to do that and we see the evidence of that. do that and we see the evidence of that. do that and we see the evidence of that. So, the body is a carrier of information So, the body is a carrier of information So, the body is a carrier of information from our parents and what happened in from our parents and what happened in from our parents and what happened in the womb. That information is intact. the womb. That information is intact. the womb. That information is intact. Keeps our body functioning almost Keeps our body functioning almost Keeps our body functioning almost perfectly in our teenage years, 20, perfectly in our teenage years, 20, perfectly in our teenage years, 20, you're in your early 30s. You're you're in your early 30s. You're you're in your early 30s. You're starting to lose that information and so starting to lose that information and so starting to lose that information and so your body's not functioning perfectly your body's not functioning perfectly your body's not functioning perfectly anymore. anymore. anymore. >> Gray has >> Gray has >> Gray has >> you've got some gray. Exactly. That's a >> you've got some gray. Exactly. That's a >> you've got some gray. Exactly. That's a good example of cells that lose their good example of cells that lose their good example of cells that lose their identity and stop making melanin, the identity and stop making melanin, the identity and stop making melanin, the black pigment. black pigment. black pigment. >> But it's going to get worse. I promise >> But it's going to get worse. I promise >> But it's going to get worse. I promise you, unless you know, unless we we're you, unless you know, unless we we're you, unless you know, unless we we're hurry up and uh gets lost. It gets hurry up and uh gets lost. It gets hurry up and uh gets lost. It gets corrupted. But the beautiful thing is we corrupted. But the beautiful thing is we corrupted. But the beautiful thing is we believe we found a backup copy of that believe we found a backup copy of that believe we found a backup copy of that information from youth that we can information from youth that we can information from youth that we can reinstall into cells, into tissues, into reinstall into cells, into tissues, into reinstall into cells, into tissues, into the entire body of a mouse and hopefully the entire body of a mouse and hopefully the entire body of a mouse and hopefully a human. That backup copy is in every a human. That backup copy is in every a human. That backup copy is in every old person, I believe, and it can be old person, I believe, and it can be old person, I believe, and it can be accessed. So when I see an old person accessed. So when I see an old person accessed. So when I see an old person walking down the street now, I don't walking down the street now, I don't walking down the street now, I don't think, oh, that person's just worn out, think, oh, that person's just worn out, think, oh, that person's just worn out, frail, going to die. I just think that's frail, going to die. I just think that's frail, going to die. I just think that's someone that needs a reset. And inside someone that needs a reset. And inside someone that needs a reset. And inside that person is a young person waiting to that person is a young person waiting to that person is a young person waiting to come out again. That's a totally come out again. That's a totally come out again. That's a totally different way to think about old age. different way to think about old age. different way to think about old age. And in the future, people will have a And in the future, people will have a And in the future, people will have a choice to be rejuvenated or not. choice to be rejuvenated or not. choice to be rejuvenated or not. >> Where is that backup copy that I need? >> Where is that backup copy that I need? >> Where is that backup copy that I need? >> Well, we're working on that. And uh if I >> Well, we're working on that. And uh if I >> Well, we're working on that. And uh if I if I told you, my student would kill me, if I told you, my student would kill me, if I told you, my student would kill me, but we believe we've found but we believe we've found but we believe we've found largely where that information is largely where that information is largely where that information is stored. It's entirely new biology. stored. It's entirely new biology. stored. It's entirely new biology. >> And it's currently a secret. >> And it's currently a secret. >> And it's currently a secret. >> It's a secret. >> It's a secret. >> It's a secret. >> Okay. So, you you you lead the way. Tell >> Okay. So, you you you lead the way. Tell >> Okay. So, you you you lead the way. Tell me what we should we should talk about me what we should we should talk about me what we should we should talk about next as it relates to aging. next as it relates to aging. next as it relates to aging. >> Let's talk about information, right? We >> Let's talk about information, right? We >> Let's talk about information, right? We live in the information age and biology live in the information age and biology live in the information age and biology is becoming part of that information is becoming part of that information is becoming part of that information age. And it started with the uh age. And it started with the uh age. And it started with the uh elucidation of the structure of DNA. elucidation of the structure of DNA. elucidation of the structure of DNA. Okay. And so I have I have a model of Okay. And so I have I have a model of Okay. And so I have I have a model of DNA here. So for listeners who are not DNA here. So for listeners who are not DNA here. So for listeners who are not watching this is a little plastic double watching this is a little plastic double watching this is a little plastic double helix. My friend uh Jim Watson uh died helix. My friend uh Jim Watson uh died helix. My friend uh Jim Watson uh died recently last month who he and his recently last month who he and his recently last month who he and his colleague discovered that DNA the colleague discovered that DNA the colleague discovered that DNA the information of life that we get from our information of life that we get from our information of life that we get from our parents is a chemical that's about 6 ft parents is a chemical that's about 6 ft parents is a chemical that's about 6 ft long in every cell and uh this model long in every cell and uh this model long in every cell and uh this model here shows that DNA is a ladder and the here shows that DNA is a ladder and the here shows that DNA is a ladder and the steps on the ladder are the information steps on the ladder are the information steps on the ladder are the information of the DNA. of the DNA. of the DNA. >> Okay. >> Okay. >> Okay. >> Yeah. And you can pull this apart so >> Yeah. And you can pull this apart so >> Yeah. And you can pull this apart so that each step becomes 50 50% ripped that each step becomes 50 50% ripped that each step becomes 50 50% ripped apart. So that should come apart. Right. apart. So that should come apart. Right. apart. So that should come apart. Right. So I ripped the rung of the ladder apart So I ripped the rung of the ladder apart So I ripped the rung of the ladder apart and that is called a base on the DNA and and that is called a base on the DNA and and that is called a base on the DNA and it always matches with its corresponding it always matches with its corresponding it always matches with its corresponding chemical. So this short hand we call an chemical. So this short hand we call an chemical. So this short hand we call an A. It always matches with a T. So an A A. It always matches with a T. So an A A. It always matches with a T. So an A becomes a rung on the ladder. And down becomes a rung on the ladder. And down becomes a rung on the ladder. And down here different color here I'm looking at here different color here I'm looking at here different color here I'm looking at a red and a green step. Rip it apart. a red and a green step. Rip it apart. a red and a green step. Rip it apart. This is a G and a C letter. G's and C's This is a G and a C letter. G's and C's This is a G and a C letter. G's and C's come together. And actually when if you come together. And actually when if you come together. And actually when if you if I rip this ladder into halves and if I rip this ladder into halves and if I rip this ladder into halves and each step becomes half a ladder. Now you each step becomes half a ladder. Now you each step becomes half a ladder. Now you can see that you can copy DNA because can see that you can copy DNA because can see that you can copy DNA because the A has to match with the T wrong and the A has to match with the T wrong and the A has to match with the T wrong and the G has to match with the C. So that's the G has to match with the C. So that's the G has to match with the C. So that's basic DNA. That's how the information is basic DNA. That's how the information is basic DNA. That's how the information is transferred from cell to cell from transferred from cell to cell from transferred from cell to cell from mother to daughter parents to offspring. mother to daughter parents to offspring. mother to daughter parents to offspring. There are about 20,000 genes. about There are about 20,000 genes. about There are about 20,000 genes. about 15,000 are turned on, but a different 15,000 are turned on, but a different 15,000 are turned on, but a different set gets turned on in large part uh to set gets turned on in large part uh to set gets turned on in large part uh to make a nerve cell compared to a liver make a nerve cell compared to a liver make a nerve cell compared to a liver cell and a skin cell. cell and a skin cell. cell and a skin cell. >> That's gene expression. And what >> That's gene expression. And what >> That's gene expression. And what controls that gene expression is what's controls that gene expression is what's controls that gene expression is what's called not not the genome, which is called not not the genome, which is called not not the genome, which is what's in front of me here on the DNA what's in front of me here on the DNA what's in front of me here on the DNA molecule. It's the epi genome. The molecule. It's the epi genome. The molecule. It's the epi genome. The epiggenome is the information we get epiggenome is the information we get epiggenome is the information we get transferred from cell to cell, from transferred from cell to cell, from transferred from cell to cell, from parent to offspring that's not in this parent to offspring that's not in this parent to offspring that's not in this molecule. molecule. molecule. So where's this epigenetic information? So where's this epigenetic information? So where's this epigenetic information? Well, it controls which genes are Well, it controls which genes are Well, it controls which genes are switched on and off. And a major switched on and off. And a major switched on and off. And a major regulator of that process regulator of that process regulator of that process is the modification of these steps on is the modification of these steps on is the modification of these steps on the DNA. these chemicals, the C, the DNA. these chemicals, the C, the DNA. these chemicals, the C, particularly the C, which I'm showing particularly the C, which I'm showing particularly the C, which I'm showing you here, uh, in this red part of the you here, uh, in this red part of the you here, uh, in this red part of the the molecule, the C gets a little the molecule, the C gets a little the molecule, the C gets a little chemical added to it called a methyl. chemical added to it called a methyl. chemical added to it called a methyl. And a methyl is just, if you remember And a methyl is just, if you remember And a methyl is just, if you remember from chemistry, high school, uh, it's a from chemistry, high school, uh, it's a from chemistry, high school, uh, it's a carbon with three hydrogens. It's very carbon with three hydrogens. It's very carbon with three hydrogens. It's very simple molecule. It gets stuck on that simple molecule. It gets stuck on that simple molecule. It gets stuck on that piece of the the DNA molecule. That's piece of the the DNA molecule. That's piece of the the DNA molecule. That's called DNA methylation. And that will called DNA methylation. And that will called DNA methylation. And that will help determine that pattern of DNA help determine that pattern of DNA help determine that pattern of DNA methylation determines whether this methylation determines whether this methylation determines whether this particular gene will be switched on say particular gene will be switched on say particular gene will be switched on say to make an optic nerve or switched off to make an optic nerve or switched off to make an optic nerve or switched off so that it becomes a liver cell. And so that it becomes a liver cell. And so that it becomes a liver cell. And that happens as we're in the womb and we that happens as we're in the womb and we that happens as we're in the womb and we become an embryo. [snorts] And that's become an embryo. [snorts] And that's become an embryo. [snorts] And that's the epiggenome. These chemicals that the epiggenome. These chemicals that the epiggenome. These chemicals that turn genes on and off is the epigenome. turn genes on and off is the epigenome. turn genes on and off is the epigenome. And the information theory of aging And the information theory of aging And the information theory of aging states that the information that's in a states that the information that's in a states that the information that's in a cell, which includes the DNA, but cell, which includes the DNA, but cell, which includes the DNA, but actually more importantly for aging is actually more importantly for aging is actually more importantly for aging is the control systems, the epiggenome that the control systems, the epiggenome that the control systems, the epiggenome that is pristine when we're young, but as we is pristine when we're young, but as we is pristine when we're young, but as we get older, we lose that epigenetic get older, we lose that epigenetic get older, we lose that epigenetic information. The ability to tell a cell information. The ability to tell a cell information. The ability to tell a cell to be a nerve cell versus a liver cell to be a nerve cell versus a liver cell to be a nerve cell versus a liver cell versus a skin cell, it starts to get versus a skin cell, it starts to get versus a skin cell, it starts to get erased. So it when we look at a mouse or erased. So it when we look at a mouse or erased. So it when we look at a mouse or or an old tissue, if I took maybe not or an old tissue, if I took maybe not or an old tissue, if I took maybe not your skin, but but my skin, my skin your skin, but but my skin, my skin your skin, but but my skin, my skin cells are no longer as skin-like as they cells are no longer as skin-like as they cells are no longer as skin-like as they once were. They've started to lose their once were. They've started to lose their once were. They've started to lose their identity. They're starting actually to identity. They're starting actually to identity. They're starting actually to to look more like nerve cells and nerve to look more like nerve cells and nerve to look more like nerve cells and nerve cells starting to look more like skin cells starting to look more like skin cells starting to look more like skin cells because the genes that were once cells because the genes that were once cells because the genes that were once turned on correctly in my young cells turned on correctly in my young cells turned on correctly in my young cells that that control system, these that that control system, these that that control system, these chemicals on the DNA molecule, these chemicals on the DNA molecule, these chemicals on the DNA molecule, these methals are getting erased. methals are getting erased. methals are getting erased. >> So aging is an identity crisis of the >> So aging is an identity crisis of the >> So aging is an identity crisis of the cells. cells. cells. >> It absolutely is. Well put. >> It absolutely is. Well put. >> It absolutely is. Well put. >> The cells forget what their job is. >> The cells forget what their job is. >> The cells forget what their job is. >> Yes, the genes are still there in large >> Yes, the genes are still there in large >> Yes, the genes are still there in large part. 99.999% of the genes are still part. 99.999% of the genes are still part. 99.999% of the genes are still there. The molecule's intact, there. The molecule's intact, there. The molecule's intact, but the control systems, but the control systems, but the control systems, >> the label thing you mentioned, >> the label thing you mentioned, >> the label thing you mentioned, >> the label to tell the cell that this >> the label to tell the cell that this >> the label to tell the cell that this gene needs to be on, but this one should gene needs to be on, but this one should gene needs to be on, but this one should always stay off. That gets erased over always stay off. That gets erased over always stay off. That gets erased over time. time. time. >> Why? >> Why? >> Why? >> H we we did partially figure that out. >> H we we did partially figure that out. >> H we we did partially figure that out. >> And how do you know? >> And how do you know? >> And how do you know? >> Well, oh, even better. >> Well, oh, even better. >> Well, oh, even better. >> This is this is why I love your podcast, >> This is this is why I love your podcast, >> This is this is why I love your podcast, Stephen. You asked the right questions. Stephen. You asked the right questions. Stephen. You asked the right questions. these there are enzymes that remove these there are enzymes that remove these there are enzymes that remove these methyl groups um and put them back these methyl groups um and put them back these methyl groups um and put them back on. So the cells controlling these on. So the cells controlling these on. So the cells controlling these things they shouldn't change but they things they shouldn't change but they things they shouldn't change but they do. And one of the things that messes do. And one of the things that messes do. And one of the things that messes the system up is the system up is the system up is major catastrophe in a cell. And when major catastrophe in a cell. And when major catastrophe in a cell. And when the cell panics the cell panics the cell panics it removes these structures to try and it removes these structures to try and it removes these structures to try and adapt to the stress adapt to the stress adapt to the stress >> the label >> the label >> the label >> the label comes off in a desperate >> the label comes off in a desperate >> the label comes off in a desperate attempt to survive. But then the cell attempt to survive. But then the cell attempt to survive. But then the cell doesn't fully revert back to the doesn't fully revert back to the doesn't fully revert back to the original state. Some of these chemicals original state. Some of these chemicals original state. Some of these chemicals and some of the proteins that bind to and some of the proteins that bind to and some of the proteins that bind to the DNA, which is also important for the DNA, which is also important for the DNA, which is also important for this epiggenome, they don't all go back this epiggenome, they don't all go back this epiggenome, they don't all go back to where they started. I've used the to where they started. I've used the to where they started. I've used the analogy that uh it's like a pingpong or analogy that uh it's like a pingpong or analogy that uh it's like a pingpong or a tennis match where the proteins that a tennis match where the proteins that a tennis match where the proteins that control the genes, they they get control the genes, they they get control the genes, they they get relocized to where the emergency is. and relocized to where the emergency is. and relocized to where the emergency is. and an emergency. One, the one that we think an emergency. One, the one that we think an emergency. One, the one that we think is most dangerous and a large c of cause is most dangerous and a large c of cause is most dangerous and a large c of cause of aging is a broken chromosome. If you of aging is a broken chromosome. If you of aging is a broken chromosome. If you have a broken chromosome, if you don't have a broken chromosome, if you don't have a broken chromosome, if you don't fix that, you're either going to become fix that, you're either going to become fix that, you're either going to become a cancer cell or you're going to die. a cancer cell or you're going to die. a cancer cell or you're going to die. It's not good. Um, and so cells panic. It's not good. Um, and so cells panic. It's not good. Um, and so cells panic. And in that panic of moving proteins And in that panic of moving proteins And in that panic of moving proteins away and turning on these stress away and turning on these stress away and turning on these stress response genes, uh, that's great in the response genes, uh, that's great in the response genes, uh, that's great in the short term. The cell might survive, but short term. The cell might survive, but short term. The cell might survive, but they don't fully reset. those proteins they don't fully reset. those proteins they don't fully reset. those proteins don't all go back to where they once don't all go back to where they once don't all go back to where they once were say 10 minutes ago when the stress were say 10 minutes ago when the stress were say 10 minutes ago when the stress needed to be the disaster happened. And needed to be the disaster happened. And needed to be the disaster happened. And if you do that time and time again and if you do that time and time again and if you do that time and time again and every one of your cells has at least one every one of your cells has at least one every one of your cells has at least one broken chromosome every day that's 20 broken chromosome every day that's 20 broken chromosome every day that's 20 trillion of these events every day in trillion of these events every day in trillion of these events every day in your body over time tick tick tick you your body over time tick tick tick you your body over time tick tick tick you get the aging process we believe. get the aging process we believe. get the aging process we believe. >> So I I guess I've got two questions. Uh >> So I I guess I've got two questions. Uh >> So I I guess I've got two questions. Uh I guess the first question if I was I guess the first question if I was I guess the first question if I was thinking about the sequence of asking thinking about the sequence of asking thinking about the sequence of asking these questions is these questions is these questions is what is increasing that stress on my what is increasing that stress on my what is increasing that stress on my cells? Therefore what is increasing cells? Therefore what is increasing cells? Therefore what is increasing aging? And also like why didn't aging? And also like why didn't aging? And also like why didn't evolution just come up with a solution evolution just come up with a solution evolution just come up with a solution for this that stopped me aging then? for this that stopped me aging then? for this that stopped me aging then? >> Like evolution is very smart. Couldn't >> Like evolution is very smart. Couldn't >> Like evolution is very smart. Couldn't it just fix this? it just fix this? it just fix this? >> Well before I get into that uh one of >> Well before I get into that uh one of >> Well before I get into that uh one of the the reasons we know that this works the the reasons we know that this works the the reasons we know that this works because you asked me how do we know because you asked me how do we know because you asked me how do we know that's true is that we created this this that's true is that we created this this that's true is that we created this this catastrophe in animals. We we took mice catastrophe in animals. We we took mice catastrophe in animals. We we took mice and we we we broke their chromosomes in and we we we broke their chromosomes in and we we we broke their chromosomes in a way that didn't cause [clears throat] a way that didn't cause [clears throat] a way that didn't cause [clears throat] cancer or mutations. cancer or mutations. cancer or mutations. If we're right, what should happen to If we're right, what should happen to If we're right, what should happen to these mice? these mice? these mice? >> They get old fast. >> They get old fast. >> They get old fast. >> They get old fast. >> They get old fast. >> They get old fast. >> Gray hair. >> Gray hair. >> Gray hair. >> And they did. We call them the ice mice. >> And they did. We call them the ice mice. >> And they did. We call them the ice mice. Ice stands for inducible changes to the Ice stands for inducible changes to the Ice stands for inducible changes to the epiggenome. And we were able to induce epiggenome. And we were able to induce epiggenome. And we were able to induce these changes. And we took bets in the these changes. And we took bets in the these changes. And we took bets in the lab. This is going back now 12 years lab. This is going back now 12 years lab. This is going back now 12 years ago. Uh I I bet that we would get aging. ago. Uh I I bet that we would get aging. ago. Uh I I bet that we would get aging. Okay. But I was the only one in the lab Okay. But I was the only one in the lab Okay. But I was the only one in the lab that thought that that would happen. We that thought that that would happen. We that thought that that would happen. We had a lot of bets that the mice would had a lot of bets that the mice would had a lot of bets that the mice would die, a lot of bets that the mice would die, a lot of bets that the mice would die, a lot of bets that the mice would get cancer, and a few said nothing would get cancer, and a few said nothing would get cancer, and a few said nothing would happen. But we got aging. In fact, I was happen. But we got aging. In fact, I was happen. But we got aging. In fact, I was I was in Australia where where I'm from, I was in Australia where where I'm from, I was in Australia where where I'm from, as you know, and I got a picture on my as you know, and I got a picture on my as you know, and I got a picture on my old old style iPhone and it was a old old style iPhone and it was a old old style iPhone and it was a picture of an old mouse. Uh well, it was picture of an old mouse. Uh well, it was picture of an old mouse. Uh well, it was a sick-l looking mouse and the and the a sick-l looking mouse and the and the a sick-l looking mouse and the and the the text was problem. We have a sick the text was problem. We have a sick the text was problem. We have a sick mouse and I wrote back, "That's not a mouse and I wrote back, "That's not a mouse and I wrote back, "That's not a sick mouse, that's an old mouse." And sick mouse, that's an old mouse." And sick mouse, that's an old mouse." And that was the first time I realized that that was the first time I realized that that was the first time I realized that we'd had evidence that our theory, the we'd had evidence that our theory, the we'd had evidence that our theory, the information theory of aging is correct. information theory of aging is correct. information theory of aging is correct. So what we did actually, and this might So what we did actually, and this might So what we did actually, and this might satisfy your and your listeners satisfy your and your listeners satisfy your and your listeners curiosity, we generated a mouse from curiosity, we generated a mouse from curiosity, we generated a mouse from scratch using stem cells. And so we scratch using stem cells. And so we scratch using stem cells. And so we start with a a mouse stem cell that we start with a a mouse stem cell that we start with a a mouse stem cell that we grow in the lab in the dish. And we grow in the lab in the dish. And we grow in the lab in the dish. And we changed the genetics of that stem cell changed the genetics of that stem cell changed the genetics of that stem cell so that we could feed it a drug uh so that we could feed it a drug uh so that we could feed it a drug uh tmoxifen which is used uh in in tmoxifen which is used uh in in tmoxifen which is used uh in in chemotherapy. And that drug turned on chemotherapy. And that drug turned on chemotherapy. And that drug turned on a gene from a slime mold, something you a gene from a slime mold, something you a gene from a slime mold, something you might find in the forest that breaks DNA might find in the forest that breaks DNA might find in the forest that breaks DNA of the mouse but does it in a way that of the mouse but does it in a way that of the mouse but does it in a way that doesn't cause cancer or mutations. Just doesn't cause cancer or mutations. Just doesn't cause cancer or mutations. Just cuts it and the cells put it back cuts it and the cells put it back cuts it and the cells put it back together. So we could take a mouse and together. So we could take a mouse and together. So we could take a mouse and for 3 weeks we turned on this slime mold for 3 weeks we turned on this slime mold for 3 weeks we turned on this slime mold cutting protein and nothing happened to cutting protein and nothing happened to cutting protein and nothing happened to the mouse at the time. It's like a you the mouse at the time. It's like a you the mouse at the time. It's like a you don't feel an X-ray. You don't feel don't feel an X-ray. You don't feel don't feel an X-ray. You don't feel different when you fly except for maybe different when you fly except for maybe different when you fly except for maybe jet lag and dehydration. But you don't jet lag and dehydration. But you don't jet lag and dehydration. But you don't get old suddenly. Same with the mice. get old suddenly. Same with the mice. get old suddenly. Same with the mice. They were normal. They felt fine. And They were normal. They felt fine. And They were normal. They felt fine. And that's why at first people said, "Oh, that's why at first people said, "Oh, that's why at first people said, "Oh, nothing's going to happen to these nothing's going to happen to these nothing's going to happen to these mice." After 3 weeks they were fine. But mice." After 3 weeks they were fine. But mice." After 3 weeks they were fine. But we set in motion a cascade of we set in motion a cascade of we set in motion a cascade of accelerated aging events that about 10 accelerated aging events that about 10 accelerated aging events that about 10 months later they were super gray and months later they were super gray and months later they were super gray and super old and had all the diseases of super old and had all the diseases of super old and had all the diseases of aging 50% faster than their twins that aging 50% faster than their twins that aging 50% faster than their twins that we didn't treat. we didn't treat. we didn't treat. >> And you've got photos of those we could >> And you've got photos of those we could >> And you've got photos of those we could show. show. show. >> Yeah. Yeah. Let's show those. So, if I >> Yeah. Yeah. Let's show those. So, if I >> Yeah. Yeah. Let's show those. So, if I was to do the experiment in you, I might was to do the experiment in you, I might was to do the experiment in you, I might have to engineer it a clone of you, but have to engineer it a clone of you, but have to engineer it a clone of you, but I could do that. Uh, you know, I'm not I could do that. Uh, you know, I'm not I could do that. Uh, you know, I'm not saying that it's ethically right, but saying that it's ethically right, but saying that it's ethically right, but but theoretically we could make a clone but theoretically we could make a clone but theoretically we could make a clone of you, put in that slime mold gene, of you, put in that slime mold gene, of you, put in that slime mold gene, turn it on, turn it on, turn it on, >> and your clone would be 50% older than >> and your clone would be 50% older than >> and your clone would be 50% older than you are. you are. you are. >> Can you translate this into the equival? So, it would be like in me doing what So, it would be like in me doing what and then me getting old fast. and then me getting old fast. and then me getting old fast. >> Yeah. Uh, well, we're exposed to to >> Yeah. Uh, well, we're exposed to to >> Yeah. Uh, well, we're exposed to to things that cause DNA breaks all the things that cause DNA breaks all the things that cause DNA breaks all the time. They happen naturally as the cells time. They happen naturally as the cells time. They happen naturally as the cells try to copy their DNA. But you can try to copy their DNA. But you can try to copy their DNA. But you can accelerate that by getting an X-ray, a accelerate that by getting an X-ray, a accelerate that by getting an X-ray, a CT scan, flying a lot and cosmic rays CT scan, flying a lot and cosmic rays CT scan, flying a lot and cosmic rays banging into your DNA. And banging into your DNA. And banging into your DNA. And >> I fly all the time. I've had loads of CT >> I fly all the time. I've had loads of CT >> I fly all the time. I've had loads of CT scans and X-rays. scans and X-rays. scans and X-rays. >> Yeah. Uh and and though it's >> Yeah. Uh and and though it's >> Yeah. Uh and and though it's imperceptible, I believe that that's imperceptible, I believe that that's imperceptible, I believe that that's probably accelerating your aging probably accelerating your aging probably accelerating your aging process. process. process. >> What's flying doing to my So again, you >> What's flying doing to my So again, you >> What's flying doing to my So again, you talked about flying being equival to talked about flying being equival to talked about flying being equival to what you did to the mouse. In what way? what you did to the mouse. In what way? what you did to the mouse. In what way? Well, every time you break your Well, every time you break your Well, every time you break your chromosome, you're rearranging your chromosome, you're rearranging your chromosome, you're rearranging your epiggenome in a catastrophic way that epiggenome in a catastrophic way that epiggenome in a catastrophic way that doesn't fully reset and your cell will doesn't fully reset and your cell will doesn't fully reset and your cell will lose its identity faster. I also believe lose its identity faster. I also believe lose its identity faster. I also believe um and we have some evidence that even um and we have some evidence that even um and we have some evidence that even going to a rock concert and have going to a rock concert and have going to a rock concert and have blasting your eardrums is such a stress blasting your eardrums is such a stress blasting your eardrums is such a stress on those cells in your ear that the on those cells in your ear that the on those cells in your ear that the reason that you become deaf earlier is reason that you become deaf earlier is reason that you become deaf earlier is because your ear hair cells are getting because your ear hair cells are getting because your ear hair cells are getting older faster. You don't want to break older faster. You don't want to break older faster. You don't want to break the DNA. You don't want to cause the DNA. You don't want to cause the DNA. You don't want to cause catastrophe to your fragile cells in catastrophe to your fragile cells in catastrophe to your fragile cells in your body because the recovery isn't your body because the recovery isn't your body because the recovery isn't complete and aging ensues. complete and aging ensues. complete and aging ensues. >> So, with this theory in mind, what are >> So, with this theory in mind, what are >> So, with this theory in mind, what are the day-to-day things that we're all the day-to-day things that we're all the day-to-day things that we're all doing that are accelerating our age? doing that are accelerating our age? doing that are accelerating our age? Like, cuz I think what's really Like, cuz I think what's really Like, cuz I think what's really interesting is I looked at my brother interesting is I looked at my brother interesting is I looked at my brother Jason. He's a year older than me. He has Jason. He's a year older than me. He has Jason. He's a year older than me. He has three kids that are like under the age three kids that are like under the age three kids that are like under the age of seven or eight now. And this of seven or eight now. And this of seven or eight now. And this Christmas time, cuz it's just been Christmas time, cuz it's just been Christmas time, cuz it's just been Christmas, I looked at his hair to see Christmas, I looked at his hair to see Christmas, I looked at his hair to see how many gray hairs he had versus me. how many gray hairs he had versus me. how many gray hairs he had versus me. And I thought, "Okay, he has And I thought, "Okay, he has And I thought, "Okay, he has considerably more. considerably more. considerably more. >> He's a year older than me." And I was >> He's a year older than me." And I was >> He's a year older than me." And I was thinking that's like a a proxy of aging thinking that's like a a proxy of aging thinking that's like a a proxy of aging to some degree. What is it he's to some degree. What is it he's to some degree. What is it he's potentially done on a day-to-day basis? potentially done on a day-to-day basis? potentially done on a day-to-day basis? I know you don't know him, so this is I know you don't know him, so this is I know you don't know him, so this is why it's not not an offensive uh answer why it's not not an offensive uh answer why it's not not an offensive uh answer to give. What is it that someone who is to give. What is it that someone who is to give. What is it that someone who is generally sort of genetically very generally sort of genetically very generally sort of genetically very similar but is making different similar but is making different similar but is making different lifestyle choices is doing to accelerate lifestyle choices is doing to accelerate lifestyle choices is doing to accelerate that process of wrinkles or gray hairs that process of wrinkles or gray hairs that process of wrinkles or gray hairs or well here's the good news that you or well here's the good news that you or well here's the good news that you can have a big impact on your rate of can have a big impact on your rate of can have a big impact on your rate of aging by changing your lifestyle. It aging by changing your lifestyle. It aging by changing your lifestyle. It turns out your DNA is not your destiny. turns out your DNA is not your destiny. turns out your DNA is not your destiny. It's the epiggenome. So that how you It's the epiggenome. So that how you It's the epiggenome. So that how you live your life is really 80 to 90% of live your life is really 80 to 90% of live your life is really 80 to 90% of your rate of aging. your rate of aging. your rate of aging. That's good. It's in your hands. But it That's good. It's in your hands. But it That's good. It's in your hands. But it also means that some people mess up also means that some people mess up also means that some people mess up their lives. There are actually twin their lives. There are actually twin their lives. There are actually twin studies from uh mostly from Denmark, studies from uh mostly from Denmark, studies from uh mostly from Denmark, identical twins, one that goes and identical twins, one that goes and identical twins, one that goes and smokes and gets obese and uh goes in the smokes and gets obese and uh goes in the smokes and gets obese and uh goes in the sun and they are much older looking than sun and they are much older looking than sun and they are much older looking than their identical twin. Essentially their identical twin. Essentially their identical twin. Essentially proving that the DNA is not the reason proving that the DNA is not the reason proving that the DNA is not the reason you age. First of all, they're going to you age. First of all, they're going to you age. First of all, they're going to be people in the audience uh who are be people in the audience uh who are be people in the audience uh who are listening or watching who have gray hair listening or watching who have gray hair listening or watching who have gray hair saying, "Damn it, I'm not old." And saying, "Damn it, I'm not old." And saying, "Damn it, I'm not old." And that's true. I mean, nobody died of gray that's true. I mean, nobody died of gray that's true. I mean, nobody died of gray hair, right? And sometimes genetically, hair, right? And sometimes genetically, hair, right? And sometimes genetically, you can get gray old uh but not be you can get gray old uh but not be you can get gray old uh but not be physically old. What is true that's physically old. What is true that's physically old. What is true that's often not comfortable is how old you often not comfortable is how old you often not comfortable is how old you look is a very good representation of look is a very good representation of look is a very good representation of how old you are in your organs as well. how old you are in your organs as well. how old you are in your organs as well. So, doing the right things. So, what are So, doing the right things. So, what are So, doing the right things. So, what are those things? Let's tick off some of the those things? Let's tick off some of the those things? Let's tick off some of the major things that people should be doing major things that people should be doing major things that people should be doing and they can have a big impact. They can and they can have a big impact. They can and they can have a big impact. They can lengthen your life by a decade just by lengthen your life by a decade just by lengthen your life by a decade just by doing some of the major things. So, we doing some of the major things. So, we doing some of the major things. So, we know that on average people can live 14 know that on average people can live 14 know that on average people can live 14 years longer. This is based on a study years longer. This is based on a study years longer. This is based on a study that came out from Harvard, a long-term that came out from Harvard, a long-term that came out from Harvard, a long-term study of the lifespan of World War II study of the lifespan of World War II study of the lifespan of World War II veterans. If you avoid smoking, veterans. If you avoid smoking, veterans. If you avoid smoking, cigarette smoking, and really any type cigarette smoking, and really any type cigarette smoking, and really any type of smoke in your lungs, smoking breaks of smoke in your lungs, smoking breaks of smoke in your lungs, smoking breaks your DNA. It's going to accelerate aging your DNA. It's going to accelerate aging your DNA. It's going to accelerate aging in your lungs, your whole body. Avoid in your lungs, your whole body. Avoid in your lungs, your whole body. Avoid excessive drinking. We now know that excessive drinking. We now know that excessive drinking. We now know that even more than one glass a day of even more than one glass a day of even more than one glass a day of alcohol is bad. I've given up alcohol alcohol is bad. I've given up alcohol alcohol is bad. I've given up alcohol for the most part for that reason. Eat for the most part for that reason. Eat for the most part for that reason. Eat well. So, you want to eat healthy food. well. So, you want to eat healthy food. well. So, you want to eat healthy food. We've got some healthy food here we're We've got some healthy food here we're We've got some healthy food here we're going to talk about. Um, so make sure going to talk about. Um, so make sure going to talk about. Um, so make sure you you don't uh overeat or eat you you don't uh overeat or eat you you don't uh overeat or eat ultrarocessed foods. And the big one, ultrarocessed foods. And the big one, ultrarocessed foods. And the big one, one of the best things you can do one of the best things you can do one of the best things you can do besides all of that is exercise. Okay? besides all of that is exercise. Okay? besides all of that is exercise. Okay? And exercise covers a lot of things. So, And exercise covers a lot of things. So, And exercise covers a lot of things. So, we can drill into that as well. But the we can drill into that as well. But the we can drill into that as well. But the fifth one is interesting. It may be fifth one is interesting. It may be fifth one is interesting. It may be surprising, but actually good news for surprising, but actually good news for surprising, but actually good news for you. Have a reliable partner. you. Have a reliable partner. you. Have a reliable partner. >> I think you're going to say be a >> I think you're going to say be a >> I think you're going to say be a podcaster. I was going to Okay. podcaster. I was going to Okay. podcaster. I was going to Okay. >> Oh, [laughter] no. That probably >> Oh, [laughter] no. That probably >> Oh, [laughter] no. That probably accelerates your age. Yes. So, um, if accelerates your age. Yes. So, um, if accelerates your age. Yes. So, um, if you don't have a reliable partner, have you don't have a reliable partner, have you don't have a reliable partner, have a pet because the human bond is a pet because the human bond is a pet because the human bond is something that is shown to slow aging something that is shown to slow aging something that is shown to slow aging and associates with people who live and associates with people who live and associates with people who live longer than others that are lonely. longer than others that are lonely. longer than others that are lonely. >> Interesting. We're going to dig into all >> Interesting. We're going to dig into all >> Interesting. We're going to dig into all of those in great detail. Specifically, of those in great detail. Specifically, of those in great detail. Specifically, very interested in in exercise, diet, very interested in in exercise, diet, very interested in in exercise, diet, lifestyle, fasting, I know is a big lifestyle, fasting, I know is a big lifestyle, fasting, I know is a big subject you speak about which I'm very, subject you speak about which I'm very, subject you speak about which I'm very, very interested in. And actually, as I very interested in. And actually, as I very interested in. And actually, as I was doing the research into this was doing the research into this was doing the research into this conversation, conversation, conversation, again, my the way that I'm going to again, my the way that I'm going to again, my the way that I'm going to approach nutrition has shifted because approach nutrition has shifted because approach nutrition has shifted because of some of the things I discovered of some of the things I discovered of some of the things I discovered there. there. there. >> I want to just tick off on this >> I want to just tick off on this >> I want to just tick off on this evolution point, evolution point, evolution point, >> right? Let's come back to that. >> right? Let's come back to that. >> right? Let's come back to that. >> Yeah. I just want to get clear. Yeah. >> Yeah. I just want to get clear. Yeah. >> Yeah. I just want to get clear. Yeah. Like, why didn't evolution fix it for Like, why didn't evolution fix it for Like, why didn't evolution fix it for me? Because they talk about survival of me? Because they talk about survival of me? Because they talk about survival of the fittest and that the very fact that the fittest and that the very fact that the fittest and that the very fact that I'm here is because my my ancestors were I'm here is because my my ancestors were I'm here is because my my ancestors were good at survival, but listen, my good at survival, but listen, my good at survival, but listen, my ancestors all died at like 30, 40, 50, ancestors all died at like 30, 40, 50, ancestors all died at like 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 years old. That's not very 60, 70, 80 years old. That's not very 60, 70, 80 years old. That's not very good. Why? Why didn't they just live good. Why? Why didn't they just live good. Why? Why didn't they just live longer? longer? longer? >> Well, that's why. You just said the >> Well, that's why. You just said the >> Well, that's why. You just said the answer yourself. Because your ancestors answer yourself. Because your ancestors answer yourself. Because your ancestors didn't live beyond 40 or 50, even less, didn't live beyond 40 or 50, even less, didn't live beyond 40 or 50, even less, right? Most men uh in prehistoric times right? Most men uh in prehistoric times right? Most men uh in prehistoric times would die from [clears throat] famine, would die from [clears throat] famine, would die from [clears throat] famine, disease, and actually a lot of them from disease, and actually a lot of them from disease, and actually a lot of them from war. So, most people didn't make it 80. war. So, most people didn't make it 80. war. So, most people didn't make it 80. Some people did, but very, very rarely. Some people did, but very, very rarely. Some people did, but very, very rarely. So the the forces of natural selection So the the forces of natural selection So the the forces of natural selection were on early survival and fast were on early survival and fast were on early survival and fast breeding. Let's put it this way. If breeding. Let's put it this way. If breeding. Let's put it this way. If there was someone who was born with a there was someone who was born with a there was someone who was born with a mutation that allowed them to live a lot mutation that allowed them to live a lot mutation that allowed them to live a lot longer to 90 in a prehistoric world, longer to 90 in a prehistoric world, longer to 90 in a prehistoric world, that's useless because you're probably that's useless because you're probably that's useless because you're probably going to die at 30 or 40 anyway and so going to die at 30 or 40 anyway and so going to die at 30 or 40 anyway and so are your children. [clears throat] So are your children. [clears throat] So are your children. [clears throat] So what you want to do is find genes that what you want to do is find genes that what you want to do is find genes that allow you to become reproductively allow you to become reproductively allow you to become reproductively successful early on in life. um and make successful early on in life. um and make successful early on in life. um and make sure your children survive. And so we we sure your children survive. And so we we sure your children survive. And so we we have children pretty early, but humans have children pretty early, but humans have children pretty early, but humans for for various reasons have a long for for various reasons have a long for for various reasons have a long developmental period including developmental period including developmental period including education. So we don't we don't develop education. So we don't we don't develop education. So we don't we don't develop very rapidly, right? We don't wake up very rapidly, right? We don't wake up very rapidly, right? We don't wake up and we can walk and run like a lot of and we can walk and run like a lot of and we can walk and run like a lot of other species and mammals. [gasps] other species and mammals. [gasps] other species and mammals. [gasps] But we don't live a long time because But we don't live a long time because But we don't live a long time because there was in the environment that we there was in the environment that we there was in the environment that we evolved, the Serengeti plane is pretty evolved, the Serengeti plane is pretty evolved, the Serengeti plane is pretty much agreed upon as that's one of the much agreed upon as that's one of the much agreed upon as that's one of the places we evolved. Certainly uh Eastern places we evolved. Certainly uh Eastern places we evolved. Certainly uh Eastern Africa that was extremely difficult and Africa that was extremely difficult and Africa that was extremely difficult and dangerous place to live. You could get dangerous place to live. You could get dangerous place to live. You could get eaten by an animal and if you didn't get eaten by an animal and if you didn't get eaten by an animal and if you didn't get eaten by an animal you get killed by the eaten by an animal you get killed by the eaten by an animal you get killed by the neighboring tribe. That's super neighboring tribe. That's super neighboring tribe. That's super dangerous, right? And then so we we dangerous, right? And then so we we dangerous, right? And then so we we evolved to live really at optimal to evolved to live really at optimal to evolved to live really at optimal to about 30 about 30 about 30 but not much more than that. So after but not much more than that. So after but not much more than that. So after 30, as you might be experiencing with 30, as you might be experiencing with 30, as you might be experiencing with with your body, with your body, with your body, >> we're at the forces of entropy. So the >> we're at the forces of entropy. So the >> we're at the forces of entropy. So the body starts to decay. The information body starts to decay. The information body starts to decay. The information starts to get lost in the body. starts to get lost in the body. starts to get lost in the body. But the the good news is that if you But the the good news is that if you But the the good news is that if you take away predation and death from a take away predation and death from a take away predation and death from a species, it evolves longer lifespans. species, it evolves longer lifespans. species, it evolves longer lifespans. Now, it makes evolutionary sense to have Now, it makes evolutionary sense to have Now, it makes evolutionary sense to have genes that allow you to put more effort genes that allow you to put more effort genes that allow you to put more effort into building a strong body and slowing into building a strong body and slowing into building a strong body and slowing down the aging process and preventing down the aging process and preventing down the aging process and preventing DNA breaks, chromosomal breaks. We know DNA breaks, chromosomal breaks. We know DNA breaks, chromosomal breaks. We know that this is true because if you put that this is true because if you put that this is true because if you put species, say, on an island where there species, say, on an island where there species, say, on an island where there are no predators, what happens to their are no predators, what happens to their are no predators, what happens to their longevity? longevity? longevity? They get longer lived naturally. It They get longer lived naturally. It They get longer lived naturally. It takes 20, 30 generations, but only when takes 20, 30 generations, but only when takes 20, 30 generations, but only when there's no predation, when you're not there's no predation, when you're not there's no predation, when you're not under a lot of stress to uh breed under a lot of stress to uh breed under a lot of stress to uh breed quickly, do you get longer lifespans quickly, do you get longer lifespans quickly, do you get longer lifespans evolving. Given that humans don't have evolving. Given that humans don't have evolving. Given that humans don't have predators anymore, we are slowly predators anymore, we are slowly predators anymore, we are slowly evolving, evolving, evolving, longer lifespans. But it's very slow and longer lifespans. But it's very slow and longer lifespans. But it's very slow and it's not going to happen fast enough for it's not going to happen fast enough for it's not going to happen fast enough for you and me. you and me. you and me. >> And do the organisms that do live >> And do the organisms that do live >> And do the organisms that do live really, really long have a small amount really, really long have a small amount really, really long have a small amount of predators in nature? Absolutely. of predators in nature? Absolutely. of predators in nature? Absolutely. Absolutely. Think about them. Absolutely. Think about them. Absolutely. Think about them. >> The bristle cone pine. >> The bristle cone pine. >> The bristle cone pine. >> What's that? >> What's that? >> What's that? >> It's the longest lived tree in the >> It's the longest lived tree in the >> It's the longest lived tree in the world. It can live many thousands of world. It can live many thousands of world. It can live many thousands of years. years. years. >> It's Are you jealous? >> It's Are you jealous? >> It's Are you jealous? >> Not jealous. No. [laughter] No. They >> Not jealous. No. [laughter] No. They >> Not jealous. No. [laughter] No. They live a tough life. Some of those trees live a tough life. Some of those trees live a tough life. Some of those trees have been around since the pyramids. have been around since the pyramids. have been around since the pyramids. >> Wow. >> Wow. >> Wow. >> The reason they live can live for so >> The reason they live can live for so >> The reason they live can live for so long and evolve to live so long is that long and evolve to live so long is that long and evolve to live so long is that things don't eat them. They're totally things don't eat them. They're totally things don't eat them. They're totally poisonous. You you don't want to eat a poisonous. You you don't want to eat a poisonous. You you don't want to eat a bristle conine. The same for a whale, bristle conine. The same for a whale, bristle conine. The same for a whale, right? The boowhead whales, some of right? The boowhead whales, some of right? The boowhead whales, some of these very large animals, no predators. these very large animals, no predators. these very large animals, no predators. So, they've evolved a strategy of So, they've evolved a strategy of So, they've evolved a strategy of breeding slowly, but building very breeding slowly, but building very breeding slowly, but building very powerful systems to stop epigenetic powerful systems to stop epigenetic powerful systems to stop epigenetic changes. Their epigenetic control changes. Their epigenetic control changes. Their epigenetic control systems are stable. They don't get systems are stable. They don't get systems are stable. They don't get cancer and they they don't lose they cancer and they they don't lose they cancer and they they don't lose they don't have this identity crisis until don't have this identity crisis until don't have this identity crisis until hundreds of years. And we know that hundreds of years. And we know that hundreds of years. And we know that people study the cells of whales in the people study the cells of whales in the people study the cells of whales in the dish and those cells don't lose their dish and those cells don't lose their dish and those cells don't lose their identity very quickly even when you identity very quickly even when you identity very quickly even when you break their DNA. break their DNA. break their DNA. >> So I I guess the place also to to go >> So I I guess the place also to to go >> So I I guess the place also to to go next is talking about disease generally next is talking about disease generally next is talking about disease generally and what disease is. So are these and what disease is. So are these and what disease is. So are these diseases a function of aging? Does this diseases a function of aging? Does this diseases a function of aging? Does this idea of reversing aging even matter if idea of reversing aging even matter if idea of reversing aging even matter if cancer is going to take most of us out cancer is going to take most of us out cancer is going to take most of us out anyway at some point? Is there a link anyway at some point? Is there a link anyway at some point? Is there a link between aging and disease? This might be between aging and disease? This might be between aging and disease? This might be the most important point that I make the most important point that I make the most important point that I make today. today. today. When you reverse aging, diseases of When you reverse aging, diseases of When you reverse aging, diseases of aging go away or are cured. And in my aging go away or are cured. And in my aging go away or are cured. And in my lab, including many types of cancer as lab, including many types of cancer as lab, including many types of cancer as well. well. well. The diseases that we try to treat The diseases that we try to treat The diseases that we try to treat individually with different medicines individually with different medicines individually with different medicines today that we think are unrelated, today that we think are unrelated, today that we think are unrelated, Alzheimer's, cancer, heart disease, you Alzheimer's, cancer, heart disease, you Alzheimer's, cancer, heart disease, you name them. Fundamentally, what's driving name them. Fundamentally, what's driving name them. Fundamentally, what's driving a lot of those diseases is aging. a lot of those diseases is aging. a lot of those diseases is aging. If you never got old, would you ever get If you never got old, would you ever get If you never got old, would you ever get Alzheimer's even if you had the genes Alzheimer's even if you had the genes Alzheimer's even if you had the genes that predispose you? No. that predispose you? No. that predispose you? No. Right? And so what we see in my lab is Right? And so what we see in my lab is Right? And so what we see in my lab is when we give an animal a disease and we when we give an animal a disease and we when we give an animal a disease and we can do that. We can put in the human can do that. We can put in the human can do that. We can put in the human genes for Alzheimer's into a mouse, it genes for Alzheimer's into a mouse, it genes for Alzheimer's into a mouse, it becomes has dementia. When we reverse becomes has dementia. When we reverse becomes has dementia. When we reverse the age of the brain of that animal, the age of the brain of that animal, the age of the brain of that animal, we're not treating the disease. We're we're not treating the disease. We're we're not treating the disease. We're treating aging. The disease goes away. treating aging. The disease goes away. treating aging. The disease goes away. The body can heal itself when it's The body can heal itself when it's The body can heal itself when it's young. So, it's the aging process that young. So, it's the aging process that young. So, it's the aging process that reveals the disease that can be cured by reveals the disease that can be cured by reveals the disease that can be cured by reversing. reversing. reversing. >> Why does the aging process reveal a >> Why does the aging process reveal a >> Why does the aging process reveal a disease? Why don't we get Alzheimer's at disease? Why don't we get Alzheimer's at disease? Why don't we get Alzheimer's at 15? 15? 15? >> Because the cells are so healthy, they >> Because the cells are so healthy, they >> Because the cells are so healthy, they can fix themselves. They can renew can fix themselves. They can renew can fix themselves. They can renew themselves. The disease processes that themselves. The disease processes that themselves. The disease processes that cause these problems for us don't exist cause these problems for us don't exist cause these problems for us don't exist when we're young. Why is it that a when we're young. Why is it that a when we're young. Why is it that a teenager rarely has a heart attack? teenager rarely has a heart attack? teenager rarely has a heart attack? because their body prevents them. Why do because their body prevents them. Why do because their body prevents them. Why do young people typically not get cancer? young people typically not get cancer? young people typically not get cancer? Because the immune system finds cancer Because the immune system finds cancer Because the immune system finds cancer cells and clears them out. You and I cells and clears them out. You and I cells and clears them out. You and I have cancer cells in our body right now. have cancer cells in our body right now. have cancer cells in our body right now. Why are we probably not going to die in Why are we probably not going to die in Why are we probably not going to die in the next year? Cuz our immune system the next year? Cuz our immune system the next year? Cuz our immune system will find them and kill them. But as we will find them and kill them. But as we will find them and kill them. But as we get older, we're going to lose that get older, we're going to lose that get older, we're going to lose that ability and we'll have a greater chance ability and we'll have a greater chance ability and we'll have a greater chance of having cancer. of having cancer. of having cancer. >> So, are you saying that if we cure >> So, are you saying that if we cure >> So, are you saying that if we cure aging, we're probably going to by way of aging, we're probably going to by way of aging, we're probably going to by way of that cure most of these diseases? that cure most of these diseases? that cure most of these diseases? >> 100%. >> 100%. >> 100%. We were talking about um We were talking about um We were talking about um menopause quite a lot on this podcast menopause quite a lot on this podcast menopause quite a lot on this podcast and fertility, menopause, women's and fertility, menopause, women's and fertility, menopause, women's ovaries as um one of the first places ovaries as um one of the first places ovaries as um one of the first places that ages. And I've heard you explain that ages. And I've heard you explain that ages. And I've heard you explain that you think that evolution programmed that you think that evolution programmed that you think that evolution programmed women to stop having children during women to stop having children during women to stop having children during menopause because continuing menopause because continuing menopause because continuing reproduction would drain energy needed reproduction would drain energy needed reproduction would drain energy needed to raise existing children. So is to raise existing children. So is to raise existing children. So is infertility something that could infertility something that could infertility something that could theoretically be prevented? in mice, theoretically be prevented? in mice, theoretically be prevented? in mice, which is where we live in my lab where which is where we live in my lab where which is where we live in my lab where we work, it can be prevented and it can we work, it can be prevented and it can we work, it can be prevented and it can be reversed. be reversed. be reversed. >> I thought we'd run out of eggs. That's >> I thought we'd run out of eggs. That's >> I thought we'd run out of eggs. That's like the like the like the >> that's the current theory. The evidence >> that's the current theory. The evidence >> that's the current theory. The evidence that we have from my lab and a lab that that we have from my lab and a lab that that we have from my lab and a lab that I worked with in Australia I worked with in Australia I worked with in Australia caused me to question that idea that we caused me to question that idea that we caused me to question that idea that we run that women run out of eggs. run that women run out of eggs. run that women run out of eggs. We have published and repeated many We have published and repeated many We have published and repeated many times that if you treat old female mice times that if you treat old female mice times that if you treat old female mice 16 months of age, which is like a 65, 16 months of age, which is like a 65, 16 months of age, which is like a 65, 70year-old human that has long time 70year-old human that has long time 70year-old human that has long time since given up having offspring, since given up having offspring, since given up having offspring, we can treat the ovaries with a chemical we can treat the ovaries with a chemical we can treat the ovaries with a chemical that rejuvenates the eggs that are in that rejuvenates the eggs that are in that rejuvenates the eggs that are in the ovary, maybe even produces new ones. the ovary, maybe even produces new ones. the ovary, maybe even produces new ones. We don't know for sure, but those We don't know for sure, but those We don't know for sure, but those 16-month-old mice that stopped having 16-month-old mice that stopped having 16-month-old mice that stopped having kids a uh probably at least 6 months ago kids a uh probably at least 6 months ago kids a uh probably at least 6 months ago now start producing healthy offspring now start producing healthy offspring now start producing healthy offspring again. Their eggs look young, pristine, again. Their eggs look young, pristine, again. Their eggs look young, pristine, compared to the terrible eggs that if compared to the terrible eggs that if compared to the terrible eggs that if you try to harvest some eggs from a you try to harvest some eggs from a you try to harvest some eggs from a mouse that old, it's hard to find any mouse that old, it's hard to find any mouse that old, it's hard to find any that look normal. The chromosomes are that look normal. The chromosomes are that look normal. The chromosomes are messed up, ripped apart. They're not messed up, ripped apart. They're not messed up, ripped apart. They're not going to produce healthy babies. But we going to produce healthy babies. But we going to produce healthy babies. But we can take those eggs or at least the can take those eggs or at least the can take those eggs or at least the ovaries with those eggs in them and ovaries with those eggs in them and ovaries with those eggs in them and cause them to be young again and make cause them to be young again and make cause them to be young again and make fresh eggs that can produce healthy fresh eggs that can produce healthy fresh eggs that can produce healthy offspring that live a normal lifespan. offspring that live a normal lifespan. offspring that live a normal lifespan. The real question is will this work in The real question is will this work in The real question is will this work in women? And that's something that I'm women? And that's something that I'm women? And that's something that I'm keen on testing. keen on testing. keen on testing. >> It must be really hard to test a lot of >> It must be really hard to test a lot of >> It must be really hard to test a lot of these things in people, right? Because these things in people, right? Because these things in people, right? Because we you've mentioned the word mice quite we you've mentioned the word mice quite we you've mentioned the word mice quite a lot. a lot. a lot. >> It's harder than you can imagine >> It's harder than you can imagine >> It's harder than you can imagine actually. Um, and I've spent a lot of my actually. Um, and I've spent a lot of my actually. Um, and I've spent a lot of my career since I was 35, um, aiming to career since I was 35, um, aiming to career since I was 35, um, aiming to develop a medicine to treat diseases and develop a medicine to treat diseases and develop a medicine to treat diseases and aging. And it can be it can go wrong in aging. And it can be it can go wrong in aging. And it can be it can go wrong in many ways. Um, even if the science is many ways. Um, even if the science is many ways. Um, even if the science is good and right. Um, and it it's there's good and right. Um, and it it's there's good and right. Um, and it it's there's money, there's business, there's laws, money, there's business, there's laws, money, there's business, there's laws, there's politics, there's business there's politics, there's business there's politics, there's business strategies, there's change of strategies, there's change of strategies, there's change of leaderships. leaderships. leaderships. um all sorts of human introduced um all sorts of human introduced um all sorts of human introduced variables that can get in the way. variables that can get in the way. variables that can get in the way. There's patents and uh and then there's There's patents and uh and then there's There's patents and uh and then there's there's competition and spite that also there's competition and spite that also there's competition and spite that also gets into it. Um and I've had to deal gets into it. Um and I've had to deal gets into it. Um and I've had to deal with all of those things. Um including with all of those things. Um including with all of those things. Um including competing against some of the largest competing against some of the largest competing against some of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world pharmaceutical companies in the world pharmaceutical companies in the world who really didn't want me to succeed. who really didn't want me to succeed. who really didn't want me to succeed. But yeah, it's extremely difficult to But yeah, it's extremely difficult to But yeah, it's extremely difficult to make a drug. But I do want to remind you make a drug. But I do want to remind you make a drug. But I do want to remind you and everyone listening and watching that and everyone listening and watching that and everyone listening and watching that we're beyond mice now for age reversal. we're beyond mice now for age reversal. we're beyond mice now for age reversal. We've done this in monkeys. Monkeys that We've done this in monkeys. Monkeys that We've done this in monkeys. Monkeys that are physically and almost genetically are physically and almost genetically are physically and almost genetically identical to us. So it's not a big leap identical to us. So it's not a big leap identical to us. So it's not a big leap from It is a pretty big leap from mouse from It is a pretty big leap from mouse from It is a pretty big leap from mouse to human, but from a monkey to a human. to human, but from a monkey to a human. to human, but from a monkey to a human. It's we're essentially, you know, It's we're essentially, you know, It's we're essentially, you know, slightly smarter monkeys. slightly smarter monkeys. slightly smarter monkeys. I just had a thought about how other I just had a thought about how other I just had a thought about how other countries and other nations might be countries and other nations might be countries and other nations might be conducting their own sort of secret conducting their own sort of secret conducting their own sort of secret research and they might not have the research and they might not have the research and they might not have the same bureaucratic political ethical same bureaucratic political ethical same bureaucratic political ethical considerations that you have to contend considerations that you have to contend considerations that you have to contend with. Do you think about this much that with. Do you think about this much that with. Do you think about this much that some of the sort of geopolitical some of the sort of geopolitical some of the sort of geopolitical adversaries might be doing secret adversaries might be doing secret adversaries might be doing secret testing in some research lab somewhere testing in some research lab somewhere testing in some research lab somewhere on humans? on humans? on humans? >> I think about it um and in fact the >> I think about it um and in fact the >> I think about it um and in fact the United States government thinks about it United States government thinks about it United States government thinks about it too. a large investment into uh the com too. a large investment into uh the com too. a large investment into uh the com one of the companies that I uh sit on one of the companies that I uh sit on one of the companies that I uh sit on the board of was blocked because the US the board of was blocked because the US the board of was blocked because the US government claimed that the technology government claimed that the technology government claimed that the technology was too dangerous to be in the hands of was too dangerous to be in the hands of was too dangerous to be in the hands of foreign companies and governments. So foreign companies and governments. So foreign companies and governments. So there the US government at least in in there the US government at least in in there the US government at least in in the previous administration was the previous administration was the previous administration was extremely cautious about this technology extremely cautious about this technology extremely cautious about this technology falling into the wrong hands. falling into the wrong hands. falling into the wrong hands. >> Which technology >> Which technology >> Which technology >> the ability to reverse aging? So the US >> the ability to reverse aging? So the US >> the ability to reverse aging? So the US government blocked that technology government blocked that technology government blocked that technology because they were scared that it might because they were scared that it might because they were scared that it might fall into the wrong hands. fall into the wrong hands. fall into the wrong hands. >> Well, they blocked the the very large >> Well, they blocked the the very large >> Well, they blocked the the very large investment over $und00 million into the investment over $und00 million into the investment over $und00 million into the company from a foreigner because they company from a foreigner because they company from a foreigner because they would have more access to the would have more access to the would have more access to the information and the progress. information and the progress. information and the progress. >> Is it China? >> Is it China? >> Is it China? >> Um I won't say more. It's sensitive. >> Um I won't say more. It's sensitive. >> Um I won't say more. It's sensitive. >> Most I can say is that governments are >> Most I can say is that governments are >> Most I can say is that governments are watching this technology very closely. watching this technology very closely. watching this technology very closely. not just the US but around the world not just the US but around the world not just the US but around the world because the winner will make not not because the winner will make not not because the winner will make not not just a lot of economic benefit but there just a lot of economic benefit but there just a lot of economic benefit but there will there will be potential for radical will there will be potential for radical will there will be potential for radical change in the pharmaceutical industry in change in the pharmaceutical industry in change in the pharmaceutical industry in healthcare um the amount of change healthcare um the amount of change healthcare um the amount of change socially will be dramatic as well but socially will be dramatic as well but socially will be dramatic as well but there are also uses that the government there are also uses that the government there are also uses that the government has identified uh so-called super has identified uh so-called super has identified uh so-called super soldier potential now I I don't agree soldier potential now I I don't agree soldier potential now I I don't agree that that's a reason to slow down on the that that's a reason to slow down on the that that's a reason to slow down on the research. Others claim that it was worth research. Others claim that it was worth research. Others claim that it was worth it. But I do believe that the technology it. But I do believe that the technology it. But I do believe that the technology is very powerful and we should start to is very powerful and we should start to is very powerful and we should start to get ready for when this comes to get ready for when this comes to get ready for when this comes to society. Cuz it's not an if, as I said, society. Cuz it's not an if, as I said, society. Cuz it's not an if, as I said, it's a when. it's a when. it's a when. >> The technology to do what? >> The technology to do what? >> The technology to do what? >> To rejuvenate the human body. >> To rejuvenate the human body. >> To rejuvenate the human body. >> Why do we need to get ready? >> Why do we need to get ready? >> Why do we need to get ready? >> Well, because it'll be massive social >> Well, because it'll be massive social >> Well, because it'll be massive social change. If you can choose how old you change. If you can choose how old you change. If you can choose how old you want to be and people don't die as at 80 want to be and people don't die as at 80 want to be and people don't die as at 80 anymore, let's say they they can live anymore, let's say they they can live anymore, let's say they they can live till 120 or beyond, there's big changes. till 120 or beyond, there's big changes. till 120 or beyond, there's big changes. There's social security issues. There's There's social security issues. There's There's social security issues. There's uh employment. Though I will say that uh employment. Though I will say that uh employment. Though I will say that the the disaster scenario that often the the disaster scenario that often the the disaster scenario that often comes to mind when I talk about this and comes to mind when I talk about this and comes to mind when I talk about this and which I covered in in the last part of which I covered in in the last part of which I covered in in the last part of my book, lifespan, it's actually my book, lifespan, it's actually my book, lifespan, it's actually economically hugely advantageous to slow economically hugely advantageous to slow economically hugely advantageous to slow aging and prevent diseases. A lot of the aging and prevent diseases. A lot of the aging and prevent diseases. A lot of the US economy and most advanced economies US economy and most advanced economies US economy and most advanced economies goes to healthcare and chronic disease. goes to healthcare and chronic disease. goes to healthcare and chronic disease. A lot of people are sick for 5 to 10 A lot of people are sick for 5 to 10 A lot of people are sick for 5 to 10 years. That's where most of people's years. That's where most of people's years. That's where most of people's savings and retirement and government savings and retirement and government savings and retirement and government money goes in the most expensive years money goes in the most expensive years money goes in the most expensive years of your life for the last 2 years. If of your life for the last 2 years. If of your life for the last 2 years. If you can delay that, it's going to have you can delay that, it's going to have you can delay that, it's going to have massively positive economic benefits to massively positive economic benefits to massively positive economic benefits to a nation that adopts these medicines. a nation that adopts these medicines. a nation that adopts these medicines. I've got a question for you that I've got a question for you that I've got a question for you that actually came to mind yesterday when I actually came to mind yesterday when I actually came to mind yesterday when I was I watched some I don't know some was I watched some I don't know some was I watched some I don't know some video on social media and they asked a video on social media and they asked a video on social media and they asked a question to a guy. Um David, if you were question to a guy. Um David, if you were question to a guy. Um David, if you were a billionaire now at age 56, would you a billionaire now at age 56, would you a billionaire now at age 56, would you give it all up give it all up give it all up to be to be to be my age again, 33? my age again, 33? my age again, 33? >> Um I don't think you can put a price on >> Um I don't think you can put a price on >> Um I don't think you can put a price on being young. Another way of of putting being young. Another way of of putting being young. Another way of of putting it, and I've I've seen this on social it, and I've I've seen this on social it, and I've I've seen this on social media, would you for a billion dollars media, would you for a billion dollars media, would you for a billion dollars would you swap with Warren Buffett? would you swap with Warren Buffett? would you swap with Warren Buffett? >> No. Absolutely not. Right? So there's no >> No. Absolutely not. Right? So there's no >> No. Absolutely not. Right? So there's no money in the world that you want to be money in the world that you want to be money in the world that you want to be old. Right? Uh old. Right? Uh old. Right? Uh >> yeah, >> yeah, >> yeah, >> it's not worth it. >> it's not worth it. >> it's not worth it. >> In other words, youth is more valuable >> In other words, youth is more valuable >> In other words, youth is more valuable than a billion dollars. than a billion dollars. than a billion dollars. It may be the most valuable thing you It may be the most valuable thing you It may be the most valuable thing you could ever have is your youth. could ever have is your youth. could ever have is your youth. >> Is it's such an an interesting and >> Is it's such an an interesting and >> Is it's such an an interesting and illuminating analogy or metaphor or illuminating analogy or metaphor or illuminating analogy or metaphor or whatever because suddenly you do realize whatever because suddenly you do realize whatever because suddenly you do realize that how much we value it. We value it that how much we value it. We value it that how much we value it. We value it more than anything. more than anything. more than anything. I would rather be 33 years old than be a I would rather be 33 years old than be a I would rather be 33 years old than be a 43y old billionaire. Even the 10 years I 43y old billionaire. Even the 10 years I 43y old billionaire. Even the 10 years I value as a billion dollars. value as a billion dollars. value as a billion dollars. >> Yeah, one year maybe, but not 10 years, >> Yeah, one year maybe, but not 10 years, >> Yeah, one year maybe, but not 10 years, right? 10 years is super I I totally right? 10 years is super I I totally right? 10 years is super I I totally agree with you. Um and the older you agree with you. Um and the older you agree with you. Um and the older you get, the more valuable it becomes. It's get, the more valuable it becomes. It's get, the more valuable it becomes. It's important to realize the the massive important to realize the the massive important to realize the the massive impact that this technology can have not impact that this technology can have not impact that this technology can have not just economically but on individual just economically but on individual just economically but on individual lives of human beings across the planet. lives of human beings across the planet. lives of human beings across the planet. The world when this becomes a reality. The world when this becomes a reality. The world when this becomes a reality. Again, I'm speaking like it's a Again, I'm speaking like it's a Again, I'm speaking like it's a certainty cuz I'm pretty convinced it's certainty cuz I'm pretty convinced it's certainty cuz I'm pretty convinced it's going to happen. The that world is going going to happen. The that world is going going to happen. The that world is going to be so different from the world we to be so different from the world we to be so different from the world we live in. It's going to be as different live in. It's going to be as different live in. It's going to be as different as the precomputer world and the as the precomputer world and the as the precomputer world and the pre-eroplane world as today is. I'm pre-eroplane world as today is. I'm pre-eroplane world as today is. I'm trying to imagine the world where we trying to imagine the world where we trying to imagine the world where we could pick our age and maybe even, you could pick our age and maybe even, you could pick our age and maybe even, you know, you talked about earlier being know, you talked about earlier being know, you talked about earlier being able to continue to reset to that age. able to continue to reset to that age. able to continue to reset to that age. >> Yeah. >> Yeah. >> Yeah. >> Trying to imagine what the world would >> Trying to imagine what the world would >> Trying to imagine what the world would be like if I could be 33 forever or if be like if I could be 33 forever or if be like if I could be 33 forever or if you could be, you know, 33 forever you could be, you know, 33 forever you could be, you know, 33 forever >> or even for another 100 years or >> or even for another 100 years or >> or even for another 100 years or something. something. something. >> Yeah. >> Yeah. >> Yeah. >> Yeah. >> Yeah. >> Yeah. >> I could stay 33 for 100 years. Do you >> I could stay 33 for 100 years. Do you >> I could stay 33 for 100 years. Do you think that's the plausible outcome which think that's the plausible outcome which think that's the plausible outcome which is we can kind of pick an age and stay is we can kind of pick an age and stay is we can kind of pick an age and stay there for a hundred years like at that there for a hundred years like at that there for a hundred years like at that particular age or is it just that I'm particular age or is it just that I'm particular age or is it just that I'm going to be 150 in my physical form. I'm going to be 150 in my physical form. I'm going to be 150 in my physical form. I'm going to be wrinkled and gray but I'm going to be wrinkled and gray but I'm going to be wrinkled and gray but I'm just going to continue to live. Is it just going to continue to live. Is it just going to continue to live. Is it looking young or is it just living looking young or is it just living looking young or is it just living longer? longer? longer? >> It's actually both. >> It's actually both. >> It's actually both. >> It's the good news is it's both. And >> It's the good news is it's both. And >> It's the good news is it's both. And we're doing a lot of work in my lab on we're doing a lot of work in my lab on we're doing a lot of work in my lab on skin and hair uh hair loss, hair skin and hair uh hair loss, hair skin and hair uh hair loss, hair graying. graying. graying. >> Yeah. Please help me. Like if I >> Yeah. Please help me. Like if I >> Yeah. Please help me. Like if I [laughter] [laughter] [laughter] >> You don't have to worry just yet. Um you >> You don't have to worry just yet. Um you >> You don't have to worry just yet. Um you know, we we'll help your brother first. know, we we'll help your brother first. know, we we'll help your brother first. >> No, no, come on. >> No, no, come on. >> No, no, come on. >> Yeah, we we will tell him to call me. Um >> Yeah, we we will tell him to call me. Um >> Yeah, we we will tell him to call me. Um so we we we've seen that we can so we we we've seen that we can so we we we've seen that we can rejuvenate the skin of again mice, but rejuvenate the skin of again mice, but rejuvenate the skin of again mice, but still we also grow human skin in the lab still we also grow human skin in the lab still we also grow human skin in the lab from scratch and we can put that human from scratch and we can put that human from scratch and we can put that human skin on mice and the mice have human skin on mice and the mice have human skin on mice and the mice have human skin. So we can now test age reversal in skin. So we can now test age reversal in skin. So we can now test age reversal in that system. I'm very optimistic that that system. I'm very optimistic that that system. I'm very optimistic that we'll be able to rejuvenate uh the the we'll be able to rejuvenate uh the the we'll be able to rejuvenate uh the the external part of the body as well as the external part of the body as well as the external part of the body as well as the internal. If we can cure blindness, internal. If we can cure blindness, internal. If we can cure blindness, reversing the age of the skin is is a reversing the age of the skin is is a reversing the age of the skin is is a piece of cake. What what does that world piece of cake. What what does that world piece of cake. What what does that world look like? I'm trying to understand all look like? I'm trying to understand all look like? I'm trying to understand all of the sort of unintended consequences of the sort of unintended consequences of the sort of unintended consequences of such a world where we're all kind of of such a world where we're all kind of of such a world where we're all kind of young and we all live longer. Is there young and we all live longer. Is there young and we all live longer. Is there problems of meaning and purpose? Is this problems of meaning and purpose? Is this problems of meaning and purpose? Is this what are the unintended consequences? what are the unintended consequences? what are the unintended consequences? >> I've thought a lot about this. There's >> I've thought a lot about this. There's >> I've thought a lot about this. There's this gut feeling that a lot of people this gut feeling that a lot of people this gut feeling that a lot of people have, maybe you're feeling it now, is have, maybe you're feeling it now, is have, maybe you're feeling it now, is that if I'm not worried about death, I'm that if I'm not worried about death, I'm that if I'm not worried about death, I'm not going to strive as hard or I'm not not going to strive as hard or I'm not not going to strive as hard or I'm not going to have as much meaning. I'm not going to have as much meaning. I'm not going to have as much meaning. I'm not going to have agency. going to have agency. going to have agency. I totally reject that view. I totally reject that view. I totally reject that view. I believe that every moment is special. I believe that every moment is special. I believe that every moment is special. I don't believe I would be enjoying this I don't believe I would be enjoying this I don't believe I would be enjoying this conversation with you anymore conversation with you anymore conversation with you anymore if I could live 200 years. I'm loving if I could live 200 years. I'm loving if I could live 200 years. I'm loving the moment. the moment. the moment. >> Mhm. >> Mhm. >> Mhm. >> Right. And so I I believe that we get up >> Right. And so I I believe that we get up >> Right. And so I I believe that we get up with purpose and that if I lived for a with purpose and that if I lived for a with purpose and that if I lived for a thousand years, I'd still enjoy every thousand years, I'd still enjoy every thousand years, I'd still enjoy every day that I lived. And even a thousand day that I lived. And even a thousand day that I lived. And even a thousand years, one day may be seen as too short. years, one day may be seen as too short. years, one day may be seen as too short. You know, it's 20 times my age, a little You know, it's 20 times my age, a little You know, it's 20 times my age, a little bit less than 20. That's still not very bit less than 20. That's still not very bit less than 20. That's still not very much in the grand scheme of, you know, much in the grand scheme of, you know, much in the grand scheme of, you know, the age of uh geology and the earth. We the age of uh geology and the earth. We the age of uh geology and the earth. We still are around like that. Uh and so I still are around like that. Uh and so I still are around like that. Uh and so I think that we will still love life. Most think that we will still love life. Most think that we will still love life. Most of us will still love life and enjoy of us will still love life and enjoy of us will still love life and enjoy every moment, but we'll get more every moment, but we'll get more every moment, but we'll get more opportunities. We can try multiple opportunities. We can try multiple opportunities. We can try multiple careers. Maybe we we we will get careers. Maybe we we we will get careers. Maybe we we we will get divorced and find have a whole new life. divorced and find have a whole new life. divorced and find have a whole new life. So, there will be opportunities and it So, there will be opportunities and it So, there will be opportunities and it will be a magnificent world. Not to will be a magnificent world. Not to will be a magnificent world. Not to mention the productivity that humans can mention the productivity that humans can mention the productivity that humans can provide with the the knowledge of a 50 provide with the the knowledge of a 50 provide with the the knowledge of a 50 or 80year-old, but with the body of a or 80year-old, but with the body of a or 80year-old, but with the body of a 30-year-old. 30-year-old. 30-year-old. >> Do you think people will make different >> Do you think people will make different >> Do you think people will make different decisions about having children? Well, I decisions about having children? Well, I decisions about having children? Well, I think we have a problem already with the think we have a problem already with the think we have a problem already with the decisions that a lot of couples are decisions that a lot of couples are decisions that a lot of couples are making, which is leaving it too late. making, which is leaving it too late. making, which is leaving it too late. Um, it's very clear with the fertility Um, it's very clear with the fertility Um, it's very clear with the fertility rate and the rate of child birth that rate and the rate of child birth that rate and the rate of child birth that basically we're going off a cliff. And I basically we're going off a cliff. And I basically we're going off a cliff. And I I think that I think that I think that it's going to be important to be able to it's going to be important to be able to it's going to be important to be able to give couples and women especially the give couples and women especially the give couples and women especially the choice to have children for longer. And choice to have children for longer. And choice to have children for longer. And that's one of the reasons that I work on that's one of the reasons that I work on that's one of the reasons that I work on this topic is that I think that the this topic is that I think that the this topic is that I think that the world with all of the the training that world with all of the the training that world with all of the the training that we need to do and the pressures on we need to do and the pressures on we need to do and the pressures on finding a mate and being happily married finding a mate and being happily married finding a mate and being happily married or or at least being partnered up that or or at least being partnered up that or or at least being partnered up that can take decades to get the right can take decades to get the right can take decades to get the right person. You don't want to rush into it person. You don't want to rush into it person. You don't want to rush into it like people used to. And being able to like people used to. And being able to like people used to. And being able to have children in your 50s and 60s, I have children in your 50s and 60s, I have children in your 50s and 60s, I think would be a great gift to humanity. think would be a great gift to humanity. think would be a great gift to humanity. That's my personal view. Some people That's my personal view. Some people That's my personal view. Some people may, you know, for whatever reason may, you know, for whatever reason may, you know, for whatever reason disagree with that. But I think that the disagree with that. But I think that the disagree with that. But I think that the pressures to have children before 35 pressures to have children before 35 pressures to have children before 35 typically are just extreme and and typically are just extreme and and typically are just extreme and and unfair. But also that it'll help us unfair. But also that it'll help us unfair. But also that it'll help us maintain the human population cuz by maintain the human population cuz by maintain the human population cuz by 2050, we're going to start going in a 2050, we're going to start going in a 2050, we're going to start going in a bad decline and earlier in many western bad decline and earlier in many western bad decline and earlier in many western countries. And without humans, you know, countries. And without humans, you know, countries. And without humans, you know, absent android robots everywhere, we're absent android robots everywhere, we're absent android robots everywhere, we're going to have a deficiency of human going to have a deficiency of human going to have a deficiency of human capital and human productivity. And this capital and human productivity. And this capital and human productivity. And this is I would argue with Elon that this is is I would argue with Elon that this is is I would argue with Elon that this is the best solution to that uh lack of the best solution to that uh lack of the best solution to that uh lack of humans is just keep people healthy and humans is just keep people healthy and humans is just keep people healthy and alive and productive for longer. >> Wa what's that on your face? >> Wa what's that on your face? >> This is my Bon Charge face mask. I've >> This is my Bon Charge face mask. I've >> This is my Bon Charge face mask. I've been wearing this for some time now. been wearing this for some time now. been wearing this for some time now. They're a sponsor of the podcast. I put They're a sponsor of the podcast. I put They're a sponsor of the podcast. I put this on for 15 20 minutes a day. I can this on for 15 20 minutes a day. I can this on for 15 20 minutes a day. I can sit here in the chair and wear it. sit here in the chair and wear it. sit here in the chair and wear it. Boosts my collagen production. Helps Boosts my collagen production. Helps Boosts my collagen production. Helps with fine lines, blemishes. complexion with fine lines, blemishes. complexion with fine lines, blemishes. complexion gets better and then people more people gets better and then people more people gets better and then people more people listen to podcasts because I I look listen to podcasts because I I look listen to podcasts because I I look better. Professionalgrade equipment in better. Professionalgrade equipment in better. Professionalgrade equipment in such a small box. It's noninvasive. And such a small box. It's noninvasive. And such a small box. It's noninvasive. And having sat here with so many of the having sat here with so many of the having sat here with so many of the world's leading health professionals, world's leading health professionals, world's leading health professionals, there's various things that I repeatedly there's various things that I repeatedly there's various things that I repeatedly here work and some things I'm a bit here work and some things I'm a bit here work and some things I'm a bit skeptical about. This is one of the skeptical about. This is one of the skeptical about. This is one of the things that almost all of my guests on things that almost all of my guests on things that almost all of my guests on this show have confirmed works. It is this show have confirmed works. It is this show have confirmed works. It is really, really, really effective. And really, really, really effective. And really, really, really effective. And they offer fast, free shipping worldwide they offer fast, free shipping worldwide they offer fast, free shipping worldwide with easy returns and exchanges. And with easy returns and exchanges. And with easy returns and exchanges. And you'll also get a one-year warranty on you'll also get a one-year warranty on you'll also get a one-year warranty on all of their products. and they're HSA all of their products. and they're HSA all of their products. and they're HSA and FSA eligible, giving you taxfree and FSA eligible, giving you taxfree and FSA eligible, giving you taxfree savings up to 40%. And you can get 20% savings up to 40%. And you can get 20% savings up to 40%. And you can get 20% off when you order through my link at off when you order through my link at off when you order through my link at bondcharge.com/doac. bondcharge.com/doac. bondcharge.com/doac. That's bondcharge.com/doac. The deal applies sitewide. New year The deal applies sitewide. New year always has a strange energy to it always has a strange energy to it always has a strange energy to it because people start talking about their because people start talking about their because people start talking about their goals, fresh starts, and new habits. But goals, fresh starts, and new habits. But goals, fresh starts, and new habits. But the reality is that most people carry the reality is that most people carry the reality is that most people carry the same ideas they had last year into the same ideas they had last year into the same ideas they had last year into the new year. I'm guilty of that, too. the new year. I'm guilty of that, too. the new year. I'm guilty of that, too. and they still don't end up doing and they still don't end up doing and they still don't end up doing anything with them. And I get why anything with them. And I get why anything with them. And I get why starting something new, especially if starting something new, especially if starting something new, especially if it's a business or a project, is it's a business or a project, is it's a business or a project, is overwhelming. Before you start, you're overwhelming. Before you start, you're overwhelming. Before you start, you're looking for the perfect moment and to be looking for the perfect moment and to be looking for the perfect moment and to be the perfect version of yourself when the perfect version of yourself when the perfect version of yourself when really what matters most is taking that really what matters most is taking that really what matters most is taking that first step. If you've had an idea for a first step. If you've had an idea for a first step. If you've had an idea for a while, a product, a store, something while, a product, a store, something while, a product, a store, something you've been sitting on, our sponsor you've been sitting on, our sponsor you've been sitting on, our sponsor Shopify, makes it easy to get started Shopify, makes it easy to get started Shopify, makes it easy to get started because you can build your store, sell because you can build your store, sell because you can build your store, sell on socials, take payments, use AI tools, on socials, take payments, use AI tools, on socials, take payments, use AI tools, and manage everything all in one place. and manage everything all in one place. and manage everything all in one place. So, if 2026 is the year you finally back So, if 2026 is the year you finally back So, if 2026 is the year you finally back yourself, go to shopify.co.uk/bartlet and start selling. And you can sign up and start selling. And you can sign up for a $1 per month trial right now, too. for a $1 per month trial right now, too. for a $1 per month trial right now, too. Just go to shopify.co.uk/bartlet. I promise you, you don't need to have it I promise you, you don't need to have it all figured out. You just need to start. all figured out. You just need to start. all figured out. You just need to start. You mentioned uh cancer earlier on is You mentioned uh cancer earlier on is You mentioned uh cancer earlier on is something that you're working on in your something that you're working on in your something that you're working on in your laboratory. What progress have you made laboratory. What progress have you made laboratory. What progress have you made in your laboratory? What has that taught in your laboratory? What has that taught in your laboratory? What has that taught you about what the nature of cancer, but you about what the nature of cancer, but you about what the nature of cancer, but also how we might prevent and cure it also how we might prevent and cure it also how we might prevent and cure it someday? Cuz I I was reading that in someday? Cuz I I was reading that in someday? Cuz I I was reading that in your laboratory, you have been able to your laboratory, you have been able to your laboratory, you have been able to slow the growth of certain cancer cells slow the growth of certain cancer cells slow the growth of certain cancer cells and kill those cancer cells completely. and kill those cancer cells completely. and kill those cancer cells completely. >> Yeah. Uh so my my wonderful student >> Yeah. Uh so my my wonderful student >> Yeah. Uh so my my wonderful student Nalat uh is is doing her PhD on this and Nalat uh is is doing her PhD on this and Nalat uh is is doing her PhD on this and what we've hypothesized and now tested what we've hypothesized and now tested what we've hypothesized and now tested is the idea again based on the is the idea again based on the is the idea again based on the information theory of aging is that information theory of aging is that information theory of aging is that cancer is cancer is cancer is expressing those genes differently in expressing those genes differently in expressing those genes differently in the same way that aging is is a cellular the same way that aging is is a cellular the same way that aging is is a cellular identity crisis. Cancer is a cellular identity crisis. Cancer is a cellular identity crisis. Cancer is a cellular identity crisis and that if we can identity crisis and that if we can identity crisis and that if we can rejuvenate an old cell to be normal and rejuvenate an old cell to be normal and rejuvenate an old cell to be normal and turn on the right genes again, we should turn on the right genes again, we should turn on the right genes again, we should be able to do that for a cancer cell be able to do that for a cancer cell be able to do that for a cancer cell >> and either make it normal or if it tries >> and either make it normal or if it tries >> and either make it normal or if it tries to be normal and wakes up from its to be normal and wakes up from its to be normal and wakes up from its zombie-like state, it might even kill zombie-like state, it might even kill zombie-like state, it might even kill itself. And that's what we're finding in itself. And that's what we're finding in itself. And that's what we're finding in my lab. Nut's work has shown that a my lab. Nut's work has shown that a my lab. Nut's work has shown that a majority of cancers that we've grown in majority of cancers that we've grown in majority of cancers that we've grown in the lab will die and shrink in an animal the lab will die and shrink in an animal the lab will die and shrink in an animal if you try to reverse their age if you try to reverse their age if you try to reverse their age >> through the injection >> through the injection >> through the injection >> that you were referring to earlier on. >> that you were referring to earlier on. >> that you were referring to earlier on. >> Yeah, we can do it a couple of ways. One >> Yeah, we can do it a couple of ways. One >> Yeah, we can do it a couple of ways. One is using those three genes that is using those three genes that is using those three genes that rejuvenate the epiggenome and make cells rejuvenate the epiggenome and make cells rejuvenate the epiggenome and make cells young again. young again. young again. >> Yeah, >> Yeah, >> Yeah, >> the one for the eye. The same technology >> the one for the eye. The same technology >> the one for the eye. The same technology for the eye we're using in cancer cells. for the eye we're using in cancer cells. for the eye we're using in cancer cells. But we also have this chemical drink But we also have this chemical drink But we also have this chemical drink that we can give to animals or to put on that we can give to animals or to put on that we can give to animals or to put on the cells and that also wakes the cancer the cells and that also wakes the cancer the cells and that also wakes the cancer cells up tries to they try to become cells up tries to they try to become cells up tries to they try to become more normal. They turn on the original more normal. They turn on the original more normal. They turn on the original set of genes that they might have had on set of genes that they might have had on set of genes that they might have had on 30 40 years ago. Some of these cancer 30 40 years ago. Some of these cancer 30 40 years ago. Some of these cancer cells that we grow in the lab were from cells that we grow in the lab were from cells that we grow in the lab were from the 20th century. We rejuvenate them. We the 20th century. We rejuvenate them. We the 20th century. We rejuvenate them. We turn on those those genes that were turn on those those genes that were turn on those those genes that were originally in the normal tissue and the originally in the normal tissue and the originally in the normal tissue and the cells kill themselves. And so I believe cells kill themselves. And so I believe cells kill themselves. And so I believe that we may not be able to cure all that we may not be able to cure all that we may not be able to cure all cancer using this. That would be crazy cancer using this. That would be crazy cancer using this. That would be crazy to even say that. But I do believe that to even say that. But I do believe that to even say that. But I do believe that if we're successful rejuvenating the if we're successful rejuvenating the if we're successful rejuvenating the human body, cancer is not human body, cancer is not human body, cancer is not going to be a risk. And that's just a going to be a risk. And that's just a going to be a risk. And that's just a nice side effect of what our original nice side effect of what our original nice side effect of what our original mission was, which was to treat aging. mission was, which was to treat aging. mission was, which was to treat aging. >> So from this we can start to try and >> So from this we can start to try and >> So from this we can start to try and understand what we think is causing understand what we think is causing understand what we think is causing cancer. And I guess this goes back to cancer. And I guess this goes back to cancer. And I guess this goes back to the a lot of the carcogenic behavior the a lot of the carcogenic behavior the a lot of the carcogenic behavior that you described earlier, things like that you described earlier, things like that you described earlier, things like smoking, anything that's applying stress smoking, anything that's applying stress smoking, anything that's applying stress on the DNA. Is that like a on the DNA. Is that like a on the DNA. Is that like a >> Yeah, you have to break the DNA. >> Yeah, you have to break the DNA. >> Yeah, you have to break the DNA. >> Um that's the cat a catastrophe is >> Um that's the cat a catastrophe is >> Um that's the cat a catastrophe is really broken DNA, but you can do other really broken DNA, but you can do other really broken DNA, but you can do other things that catastrophes like overheat things that catastrophes like overheat things that catastrophes like overheat the cells. Um even mechanical stress, the cells. Um even mechanical stress, the cells. Um even mechanical stress, you know, too many hits on the brain in you know, too many hits on the brain in you know, too many hits on the brain in football will will do that. So yes, football will will do that. So yes, football will will do that. So yes, that's exactly right. And that drives that's exactly right. And that drives that's exactly right. And that drives aging. And aging drives cancer. By the aging. And aging drives cancer. By the aging. And aging drives cancer. By the way, one of my theories called the way, one of my theories called the way, one of my theories called the Goncoenesis hypothesis. Terrible name, Goncoenesis hypothesis. Terrible name, Goncoenesis hypothesis. Terrible name, but nevertheless, Goncoenesis it is. but nevertheless, Goncoenesis it is. but nevertheless, Goncoenesis it is. It's the idea that as we age, we're It's the idea that as we age, we're It's the idea that as we age, we're becoming more cancer-like as as a as a becoming more cancer-like as as a as a becoming more cancer-like as as a as a human. Our metabolism when we're old is human. Our metabolism when we're old is human. Our metabolism when we're old is closer to heading towards what a cancer closer to heading towards what a cancer closer to heading towards what a cancer cell's metabolism is like. So that when cell's metabolism is like. So that when cell's metabolism is like. So that when we actually do get cancer, the cancer we actually do get cancer, the cancer we actually do get cancer, the cancer cells grow better in an old person than cells grow better in an old person than cells grow better in an old person than when you're young. And so by when you're young. And so by when you're young. And so by rejuvenating those cancer cells, giving rejuvenating those cancer cells, giving rejuvenating those cancer cells, giving them the the ability to be young again, them the the ability to be young again, them the the ability to be young again, they actually either slow down in their they actually either slow down in their they actually either slow down in their growth or, as I said, kill themselves in growth or, as I said, kill themselves in growth or, as I said, kill themselves in response. response. response. >> I've got a bit of a a prop here, which >> I've got a bit of a a prop here, which >> I've got a bit of a a prop here, which might be useful for the the context of might be useful for the the context of might be useful for the the context of >> goodness. >> goodness. >> goodness. There are people here that may not know There are people here that may not know There are people here that may not know what I'm holding in my hands, but uh for what I'm holding in my hands, but uh for what I'm holding in my hands, but uh for those of you who don't know and who are those of you who don't know and who are those of you who don't know and who are just listening, I'm holding a record uh just listening, I'm holding a record uh just listening, I'm holding a record uh in my hands, a vinyl record uh that in my hands, a vinyl record uh that in my hands, a vinyl record uh that Steven just handed me. So the the Steven just handed me. So the the Steven just handed me. So the the information theory of aging, uh the information theory of aging, uh the information theory of aging, uh the analogy that I used is that it disrupts analogy that I used is that it disrupts analogy that I used is that it disrupts information. And so this record, this information. And so this record, this information. And so this record, this album has information on it. It's music. album has information on it. It's music. album has information on it. It's music. And just like DNA, it's information. So And just like DNA, it's information. So And just like DNA, it's information. So instead of the DNA information, the instead of the DNA information, the instead of the DNA information, the control of the DNA bit getting messed control of the DNA bit getting messed control of the DNA bit getting messed up. It in the album, it's like up. It in the album, it's like up. It in the album, it's like scratching this album. So I'm literally scratching this album. So I'm literally scratching this album. So I'm literally going to scratch this album. Is that going to scratch this album. Is that going to scratch this album. Is that okay with you? okay with you? okay with you? >> Of course you can. >> Of course you can. >> Of course you can. >> All right. I'm not sure I can fix it, by >> All right. I'm not sure I can fix it, by >> All right. I'm not sure I can fix it, by the way. It may be a one-way thing, but the way. It may be a one-way thing, but the way. It may be a one-way thing, but I've never done this before, but I've never done this before, but I've never done this before, but that's painful. that's painful. that's painful. Maybe you can hear that happening. So, Maybe you can hear that happening. So, Maybe you can hear that happening. So, if we were to play this on a record if we were to play this on a record if we were to play this on a record player with a needle, it's going to jump player with a needle, it's going to jump player with a needle, it's going to jump around and it's going to read the wrong around and it's going to read the wrong around and it's going to read the wrong songs or it's it's going to certainly songs or it's it's going to certainly songs or it's it's going to certainly not sound very good. So, that's that's not sound very good. So, that's that's not sound very good. So, that's that's now the equivalent of an old cell. The now the equivalent of an old cell. The now the equivalent of an old cell. The information, the beautiful music is information, the beautiful music is information, the beautiful music is there, but the ability to read it has there, but the ability to read it has there, but the ability to read it has been messed up in the same way that old been messed up in the same way that old been messed up in the same way that old age, the information is in the DNA, but age, the information is in the DNA, but age, the information is in the DNA, but you the cells don't read it correctly. you the cells don't read it correctly. you the cells don't read it correctly. And what our technology is is to get rid And what our technology is is to get rid And what our technology is is to get rid of those scratches. and so we can play of those scratches. and so we can play of those scratches. and so we can play the beautiful music of our youth again. the beautiful music of our youth again. the beautiful music of our youth again. >> Um, I have got this uh you told me to to >> Um, I have got this uh you told me to to >> Um, I have got this uh you told me to to bring my weighted vest and this neck bring my weighted vest and this neck bring my weighted vest and this neck brace. brace. brace. >> Oh my goodness. Uh, >> Oh my goodness. Uh, >> Oh my goodness. Uh, >> I think I put on the wrong way. Okay, >> I think I put on the wrong way. Okay, >> I think I put on the wrong way. Okay, >> any anyone listening, Steven's putting >> any anyone listening, Steven's putting >> any anyone listening, Steven's putting on a very heavy jacket right now with on a very heavy jacket right now with on a very heavy jacket right now with lead weights and a strap around his neck lead weights and a strap around his neck lead weights and a strap around his neck to limit his neck movement. to limit his neck movement. to limit his neck movement. >> Oh, wow. >> Oh, wow. >> Oh, wow. That's a lot. Listen, so I'm I just put That's a lot. Listen, so I'm I just put That's a lot. Listen, so I'm I just put on a 20 I think it's 20 kg. My son's on a 20 I think it's 20 kg. My son's on a 20 I think it's 20 kg. My son's weak now. Um, jacket and a neck brace. weak now. Um, jacket and a neck brace. weak now. Um, jacket and a neck brace. And ahead of this conversation, my team And ahead of this conversation, my team And ahead of this conversation, my team told me to get one of these. What is the told me to get one of these. What is the told me to get one of these. What is the analogy here that you're you're analogy here that you're you're analogy here that you're you're creating? This is very hell. creating? This is very hell. creating? This is very hell. >> It's bad, right? >> It's bad, right? >> It's bad, right? >> It's hard. Yeah. >> It's hard. Yeah. >> It's hard. Yeah. >> Right. Imagine >> Right. Imagine >> Right. Imagine feeling like that for a decade. That's feeling like that for a decade. That's feeling like that for a decade. That's old age. You feeling tired, weak. You old age. You feeling tired, weak. You old age. You feeling tired, weak. You can barely hold your body up. You can can barely hold your body up. You can can barely hold your body up. You can barely move your neck. It would be barely move your neck. It would be barely move your neck. It would be painful. You're not in pain yet. No. But painful. You're not in pain yet. No. But painful. You're not in pain yet. No. But most people in their 80s have some sort most people in their 80s have some sort most people in their 80s have some sort of disease and aches and pains. of disease and aches and pains. of disease and aches and pains. Try doing that for another 10 minutes Try doing that for another 10 minutes Try doing that for another 10 minutes maybe. How long can you keep that on? maybe. How long can you keep that on? maybe. How long can you keep that on? >> I'll keep it on for another 10 minutes. >> I'll keep it on for another 10 minutes. >> I'll keep it on for another 10 minutes. But so why is this? Cuz it just it's But so why is this? Cuz it just it's But so why is this? Cuz it just it's weight and im immobility. I can't move weight and im immobility. I can't move weight and im immobility. I can't move my neck the same. My shoulders feel my neck the same. My shoulders feel my neck the same. My shoulders feel heavier. heavier. heavier. How How is this a relevant analogy to How How is this a relevant analogy to How How is this a relevant analogy to aging? Because it just kind of feels aging? Because it just kind of feels aging? Because it just kind of feels like immobility and weight. Uh, well, I like immobility and weight. Uh, well, I like immobility and weight. Uh, well, I have to come over there and use this have to come over there and use this have to come over there and use this pair of scissors to be stabbing you as pair of scissors to be stabbing you as pair of scissors to be stabbing you as well. So, you can feel pain as you move well. So, you can feel pain as you move well. So, you can feel pain as you move as well. That's part of old age. It is as well. That's part of old age. It is as well. That's part of old age. It is not a fun thing being old. And most old not a fun thing being old. And most old not a fun thing being old. And most old people, the reason that they don't love people, the reason that they don't love people, the reason that they don't love life anymore is because they feel like life anymore is because they feel like life anymore is because they feel like you do or worse. Not to mention the fact you do or worse. Not to mention the fact you do or worse. Not to mention the fact that there you need to put Vaseline on that there you need to put Vaseline on that there you need to put Vaseline on your eyes, earplugs in your ears if you your eyes, earplugs in your ears if you your eyes, earplugs in your ears if you want to know what it's like being old. want to know what it's like being old. want to know what it's like being old. >> Oh god, it's not nice. Mm- or even >> Oh god, it's not nice. Mm- or even >> Oh god, it's not nice. Mm- or even worse, shut your eyes and you can never worse, shut your eyes and you can never worse, shut your eyes and you can never open them again. open them again. open them again. That's what it's like for those patients That's what it's like for those patients That's what it's like for those patients that we hope to cure a blindness in. that we hope to cure a blindness in. that we hope to cure a blindness in. >> If if I'm going to ask you a really >> If if I'm going to ask you a really >> If if I'm going to ask you a really tough question, which is if I put a tough question, which is if I put a tough question, which is if I put a calculator in front of you right now and calculator in front of you right now and calculator in front of you right now and you had to hit a number on that you had to hit a number on that you had to hit a number on that calculator and then hit enter calculator and then hit enter calculator and then hit enter >> and that was the age that you were going >> and that was the age that you were going >> and that was the age that you were going to live to and you had to make that to live to and you had to make that to live to and you had to make that decision now. decision now. decision now. >> Yeah. >> Yeah. >> Yeah. >> What number would you hit on that >> What number would you hit on that >> What number would you hit on that calculator? calculator? calculator? >> Infinity. >> Infinity. >> Infinity. >> Really? So you No, no, no. There's no >> Really? So you No, no, no. There's no >> Really? So you No, no, no. There's no day if you're healthy where you want to day if you're healthy where you want to day if you're healthy where you want to die. Even if you're 100, 120, if you die. Even if you're 100, 120, if you die. Even if you're 100, 120, if you have friends, family, loved ones, you're have friends, family, loved ones, you're have friends, family, loved ones, you're healthy, would you say, "Okay, tomorrow healthy, would you say, "Okay, tomorrow healthy, would you say, "Okay, tomorrow I'm ready to die." I'm ready to die." I'm ready to die." >> No, it's not happen unless there was >> No, it's not happen unless there was >> No, it's not happen unless there was some kind of psychic issue or something. some kind of psychic issue or something. some kind of psychic issue or something. >> Exactly. Right. So, that's my point is >> Exactly. Right. So, that's my point is >> Exactly. Right. So, that's my point is when people say, "Oh, when I'm 80, kill when people say, "Oh, when I'm 80, kill when people say, "Oh, when I'm 80, kill me." That is That's Excuse my me." That is That's Excuse my me." That is That's Excuse my language. Am I allowed to swear on this? language. Am I allowed to swear on this? language. Am I allowed to swear on this? >> No question. >> No question. >> No question. >> Um, >> Um, >> Um, >> sorry. I'm going to have to beep it for >> sorry. I'm going to have to beep it for >> sorry. I'm going to have to beep it for the kids. I guess the kids. I guess the kids. I guess >> it's it's only when you're sick or you >> it's it's only when you're sick or you >> it's it's only when you're sick or you have depression that you want to leave have depression that you want to leave have depression that you want to leave the leave this world. Otherwise, life is the leave this world. Otherwise, life is the leave this world. Otherwise, life is a joy for most people on in the world. a joy for most people on in the world. a joy for most people on in the world. Not everybody and we have to fix that as Not everybody and we have to fix that as Not everybody and we have to fix that as well, but for most of us, well, but for most of us, well, but for most of us, being alive is is the greatest gift of being alive is is the greatest gift of being alive is is the greatest gift of any, you know, collection of atoms. any, you know, collection of atoms. any, you know, collection of atoms. Consciousness is even greater. And why Consciousness is even greater. And why Consciousness is even greater. And why would you want that to end? would you want that to end? would you want that to end? who would choose that if they had the who would choose that if they had the who would choose that if they had the alternative to be with family and alternative to be with family and alternative to be with family and friends. friends. friends. >> Interesting. I say that's interesting >> Interesting. I say that's interesting >> Interesting. I say that's interesting because I have always assumed that I because I have always assumed that I because I have always assumed that I wouldn't want to live forever. But the wouldn't want to live forever. But the wouldn't want to live forever. But the when when you asked me if I was healthy when when you asked me if I was healthy when when you asked me if I was healthy and I had my friends and family and I and I had my friends and family and I and I had my friends and family and I was [clears throat] doing things that I was [clears throat] doing things that I was [clears throat] doing things that I loved professionally, would there come a loved professionally, would there come a loved professionally, would there come a day where I would choose to go now? No, day where I would choose to go now? No, day where I would choose to go now? No, there wouldn't. Just like there hasn't there wouldn't. Just like there hasn't there wouldn't. Just like there hasn't come a day in the last 33 years where come a day in the last 33 years where come a day in the last 33 years where I've chosen to go now. I've chosen to go now. I've chosen to go now. >> Exactly. >> Exactly. >> Exactly. >> Do you think it's it's going to be >> Do you think it's it's going to be >> Do you think it's it's going to be possible in the next 50 years for us to possible in the next 50 years for us to possible in the next 50 years for us to live forever? live forever? live forever? >> I'd be shocked if that happened, but >> I'd be shocked if that happened, but >> I'd be shocked if that happened, but I've been shocked my whole career at how I've been shocked my whole career at how I've been shocked my whole career at how fast this technology is moving. And now fast this technology is moving. And now fast this technology is moving. And now with AI, things are going so fast. My with AI, things are going so fast. My with AI, things are going so fast. My head's spinning. head's spinning. head's spinning. So, I'd be happy to be proven wrong. But So, I'd be happy to be proven wrong. But So, I'd be happy to be proven wrong. But I'm I'm skeptical that we could live I'm I'm skeptical that we could live I'm I'm skeptical that we could live forever in my lifetime at least. But as forever in my lifetime at least. But as forever in my lifetime at least. But as I said, you're pro you're probably going I said, you're pro you're probably going I said, you're pro you're probably going to live you are going to live into the to live you are going to live into the to live you are going to live into the 22nd century. We can't imagine what the 22nd century. We can't imagine what the 22nd century. We can't imagine what the world's going to be like then. world's going to be like then. world's going to be like then. >> And AI has really changed this equation. >> And AI has really changed this equation. >> And AI has really changed this equation. >> Oh, absolutely. We're we're doing things >> Oh, absolutely. We're we're doing things >> Oh, absolutely. We're we're doing things in my lab that would have taken 160 in my lab that would have taken 160 in my lab that would have taken 160 years before and and quite literally years before and and quite literally years before and and quite literally billions of dollars on a 10 $10,000 billions of dollars on a 10 $10,000 billions of dollars on a 10 $10,000 budget. budget. budget. >> Well, I guess I better make it to 2040. >> Well, I guess I better make it to 2040. >> Well, I guess I better make it to 2040. Um, so let's talk about fasting and food Um, so let's talk about fasting and food Um, so let's talk about fasting and food and nutrition and get go a little bit and nutrition and get go a little bit and nutrition and get go a little bit deeper on that. I've had so so many deeper on that. I've had so so many deeper on that. I've had so so many conversations over the years about this conversations over the years about this conversations over the years about this subject of fasting. But, um, as I was subject of fasting. But, um, as I was subject of fasting. But, um, as I was reading your research, you really do reading your research, you really do reading your research, you really do feel that fasting, just eating less feel that fasting, just eating less feel that fasting, just eating less often often often is one of the most important things that is one of the most important things that is one of the most important things that we can all do for longevity. we can all do for longevity. we can all do for longevity. >> I I do. I do and I practice it as much >> I I do. I do and I practice it as much >> I I do. I do and I practice it as much as I can, though it's challenging in a as I can, though it's challenging in a as I can, though it's challenging in a world that's full of abundant food. But world that's full of abundant food. But world that's full of abundant food. But yes, we've known for thousands of years, yes, we've known for thousands of years, yes, we've known for thousands of years, the ancients are not dummies. They they the ancients are not dummies. They they the ancients are not dummies. They they could witness what happens when you could witness what happens when you could witness what happens when you fast. Uh clarity of mind, long-term fast. Uh clarity of mind, long-term fast. Uh clarity of mind, long-term health. They could observe the health. They could observe the health. They could observe the difference between the glutton and the difference between the glutton and the difference between the glutton and the people that fasted for religious people that fasted for religious people that fasted for religious reasons. It's obvious, but there's reasons. It's obvious, but there's reasons. It's obvious, but there's certain ways to do it. Fasting doesn't certain ways to do it. Fasting doesn't certain ways to do it. Fasting doesn't include malnutrition. You have to do it include malnutrition. You have to do it include malnutrition. You have to do it with abundant, you know, vitamins, with abundant, you know, vitamins, with abundant, you know, vitamins, minerals. You want to make sure that minerals. You want to make sure that minerals. You want to make sure that you're you you have adequate nutrition. you're you you have adequate nutrition. you're you you have adequate nutrition. But I think three meals a day is is But I think three meals a day is is But I think three meals a day is is craziness. It turns out this idea craziness. It turns out this idea craziness. It turns out this idea breakfast is the most important meal of breakfast is the most important meal of breakfast is the most important meal of the day is marketing from the early 20th the day is marketing from the early 20th the day is marketing from the early 20th century by companies I will not name, century by companies I will not name, century by companies I will not name, but it was breakfast cereal. Breakfast but it was breakfast cereal. Breakfast but it was breakfast cereal. Breakfast is not the most important meal of the is not the most important meal of the is not the most important meal of the day for most people, especially adults, day for most people, especially adults, day for most people, especially adults, especially if you're not hungry when you especially if you're not hungry when you especially if you're not hungry when you wake up. There's no point in eating if wake up. There's no point in eating if wake up. There's no point in eating if you're not hungry in the morning. I'm you're not hungry in the morning. I'm you're not hungry in the morning. I'm one of those people. So, I've skipped one of those people. So, I've skipped one of those people. So, I've skipped breakfast. How about you? breakfast. How about you? breakfast. How about you? >> Yeah, I'm the same. I'm the same. I >> Yeah, I'm the same. I'm the same. I >> Yeah, I'm the same. I'm the same. I don't eat. My first meal today was 300 don't eat. My first meal today was 300 don't eat. My first meal today was 300 p.m. because I had a podcast until, you p.m. because I had a podcast until, you p.m. because I had a podcast until, you know, 2 2 p.m. So, which is typical for know, 2 2 p.m. So, which is typical for know, 2 2 p.m. So, which is typical for me. I just don't get hungry in the me. I just don't get hungry in the me. I just don't get hungry in the mornings now because of the marketing mornings now because of the marketing mornings now because of the marketing though for breakfast sometime I've though for breakfast sometime I've though for breakfast sometime I've sometimes I've said to myself you should sometimes I've said to myself you should sometimes I've said to myself you should eat and I'll make myself eat but it's eat and I'll make myself eat but it's eat and I'll make myself eat but it's very very rare I'm notoriously people very very rare I'm notoriously people very very rare I'm notoriously people know that I'm notoriously know that I'm notoriously know that I'm notoriously um a late eater 4 p.m. sometimes 5 p.m. um a late eater 4 p.m. sometimes 5 p.m. um a late eater 4 p.m. sometimes 5 p.m. How are you feeling with that heavy? How are you feeling with that heavy? How are you feeling with that heavy? >> It's it's heavy, David. I'm going to be >> It's it's heavy, David. I'm going to be >> It's it's heavy, David. I'm going to be honest. It's not I'm finding myself like honest. It's not I'm finding myself like honest. It's not I'm finding myself like trying to find a comfortable position. trying to find a comfortable position. trying to find a comfortable position. >> Yeah, it it's tough being old and by the >> Yeah, it it's tough being old and by the >> Yeah, it it's tough being old and by the end of it, you will be so convinced that end of it, you will be so convinced that end of it, you will be so convinced that this research is important because to this research is important because to this research is important because to live like that live like that live like that >> in most people life is not worth living. >> in most people life is not worth living. >> in most people life is not worth living. >> I put a suit, a very heavy suit like >> I put a suit, a very heavy suit like >> I put a suit, a very heavy suit like that, but on the arms as well, not just that, but on the arms as well, not just that, but on the arms as well, not just the body. And he had the the ear muffs the body. And he had the the ear muffs the body. And he had the the ear muffs and the the eyes. This was the uh the and the the eyes. This was the uh the and the the eyes. This was the uh the governor of Massachusetts 15 minutes in governor of Massachusetts 15 minutes in governor of Massachusetts 15 minutes in that bodysuit and he was crying not that bodysuit and he was crying not that bodysuit and he was crying not because he was in pain because he as he because he was in pain because he as he because he was in pain because he as he said on stage it was the first time in said on stage it was the first time in said on stage it was the first time in his life he understood how his father his life he understood how his father his life he understood how his father feels and could be empathetic. We young feels and could be empathetic. We young feels and could be empathetic. We young people I'm relatively young 56 you're people I'm relatively young 56 you're people I'm relatively young 56 you're very young 33. We have no idea what it's very young 33. We have no idea what it's very young 33. We have no idea what it's like to be old. It can be horrific. So like to be old. It can be horrific. So like to be old. It can be horrific. So why wouldn't we do the right things like why wouldn't we do the right things like why wouldn't we do the right things like fasting, exercising [clears throat] fasting, exercising [clears throat] fasting, exercising [clears throat] so we can get an extra 10 years, 20 so we can get an extra 10 years, 20 so we can get an extra 10 years, 20 years, maybe longer of healthy life? years, maybe longer of healthy life? years, maybe longer of healthy life? >> It does also give me a lot of empathy >> It does also give me a lot of empathy >> It does also give me a lot of empathy for people that um have a bit more for people that um have a bit more for people that um have a bit more weight on them as well because of you weight on them as well because of you weight on them as well because of you know if I was if I weighed that much I know if I was if I weighed that much I know if I was if I weighed that much I don't know if I'd be very active to be don't know if I'd be very active to be don't know if I'd be very active to be completely honest with you. completely honest with you. completely honest with you. >> Exactly. And you're in pain too. Don't >> Exactly. And you're in pain too. Don't >> Exactly. And you're in pain too. Don't forget every joint can be hurting. How forget every joint can be hurting. How forget every joint can be hurting. How do you feel taking that off? do you feel taking that off? do you feel taking that off? >> Much better. right? >> Much better. right? >> Much better. right? >> Free like I want to jump. >> Free like I want to jump. >> Free like I want to jump. >> So let's >> So let's >> So let's hope, pray, wish that these technologies hope, pray, wish that these technologies hope, pray, wish that these technologies that I'm talking about today work cuz that I'm talking about today work cuz that I'm talking about today work cuz that could be what it feels like to be that could be what it feels like to be that could be what it feels like to be rejuvenated when you're 80. rejuvenated when you're 80. rejuvenated when you're 80. >> I hope [clears throat] so. Um to close >> I hope [clears throat] so. Um to close >> I hope [clears throat] so. Um to close off on this point of of fasting, why why off on this point of of fasting, why why off on this point of of fasting, why why does it help extend my life? Yeah. Just does it help extend my life? Yeah. Just does it help extend my life? Yeah. Just eating less. eating less. eating less. >> Part of it came out of research in my >> Part of it came out of research in my >> Part of it came out of research in my lab, but of course many others I need to lab, but of course many others I need to lab, but of course many others I need to give credit to. But in my lab give credit to. But in my lab give credit to. But in my lab specifically, what we worked on in specifically, what we worked on in specifically, what we worked on in initially when I started, we studied initially when I started, we studied initially when I started, we studied yeast cells, little uh microscopic cells yeast cells, little uh microscopic cells yeast cells, little uh microscopic cells that as everyone knows we used to make that as everyone knows we used to make that as everyone knows we used to make beer and bread and champagne. These beer and bread and champagne. These beer and bread and champagne. These yeast cells live about 10 days and then yeast cells live about 10 days and then yeast cells live about 10 days and then they die. And we used yeast as a model they die. And we used yeast as a model they die. And we used yeast as a model for aging. And what we discovered with for aging. And what we discovered with for aging. And what we discovered with yeast cells, which turns out to be true yeast cells, which turns out to be true yeast cells, which turns out to be true in our bodies, is that adversity, as in our bodies, is that adversity, as in our bodies, is that adversity, as long as it's not killing these cells, is long as it's not killing these cells, is long as it's not killing these cells, is good for you. It's called hormesis. It's good for you. It's called hormesis. It's good for you. It's called hormesis. It's the technical term for what doesn't kill the technical term for what doesn't kill the technical term for what doesn't kill you makes you stronger and live longer. you makes you stronger and live longer. you makes you stronger and live longer. Adversity mode is what we're aiming for. Adversity mode is what we're aiming for. Adversity mode is what we're aiming for. The opposite is abundance mode, which is The opposite is abundance mode, which is The opposite is abundance mode, which is what modern life is all about. Popcorn, what modern life is all about. Popcorn, what modern life is all about. Popcorn, movies, wheels on your suitcase, sitting movies, wheels on your suitcase, sitting movies, wheels on your suitcase, sitting down all day. down all day. down all day. It's we're in an abundance world. So It's we're in an abundance world. So It's we're in an abundance world. So adversity is something we don't often adversity is something we don't often adversity is something we don't often feel. We have to work at it. Fasting is feel. We have to work at it. Fasting is feel. We have to work at it. Fasting is adversity. Exercise is adversity. cold adversity. Exercise is adversity. cold adversity. Exercise is adversity. cold plunges, sauners, adversity. Adversity plunges, sauners, adversity. Adversity plunges, sauners, adversity. Adversity mimics. They're not really threatening mimics. They're not really threatening mimics. They're not really threatening your life. What happens at the cellular your life. What happens at the cellular your life. What happens at the cellular cellular level is that those cells, they cellular level is that those cells, they cellular level is that those cells, they get freaked out. They're worried that get freaked out. They're worried that get freaked out. They're worried that these times of adversity could kill us. these times of adversity could kill us. these times of adversity could kill us. So, they fight back. They turn on repair So, they fight back. They turn on repair So, they fight back. They turn on repair systems. They turn on recycling systems. systems. They turn on recycling systems. systems. They turn on recycling systems. They turn on DNA repair systems that They turn on DNA repair systems that They turn on DNA repair systems that help slow down aging. So in this modern help slow down aging. So in this modern help slow down aging. So in this modern world, we when we have total abundance, world, we when we have total abundance, world, we when we have total abundance, we don't have to exercise, we don't we we don't have to exercise, we don't we we don't have to exercise, we don't we eat three meals a day, we get eat three meals a day, we get eat three meals a day, we get overweight, we don't sleep much, we have overweight, we don't sleep much, we have overweight, we don't sleep much, we have air conditioning in summer, we're air conditioning in summer, we're air conditioning in summer, we're actually aging faster than we need to actually aging faster than we need to actually aging faster than we need to cuz our bodies are not fighting aging cuz our bodies are not fighting aging cuz our bodies are not fighting aging like they do when they feel adversity. like they do when they feel adversity. like they do when they feel adversity. >> Your team discovered I can't say the >> Your team discovered I can't say the >> Your team discovered I can't say the word seratunis. word seratunis. word seratunis. >> Oh well, I was one of many scientists in >> Oh well, I was one of many scientists in >> Oh well, I was one of many scientists in the 1990s. Uh I was part of a team the 1990s. Uh I was part of a team the 1990s. Uh I was part of a team called Sertuins. Yeah. So twins. called Sertuins. Yeah. So twins. called Sertuins. Yeah. So twins. >> Yeah. Yeah. In yeast, actually. That's >> Yeah. Yeah. In yeast, actually. That's >> Yeah. Yeah. In yeast, actually. That's right. Uh that's a good story. I went to right. Uh that's a good story. I went to right. Uh that's a good story. I went to the US to figure out why we get old. But the US to figure out why we get old. But the US to figure out why we get old. But I didn't choose to study humans cuz I I didn't choose to study humans cuz I I didn't choose to study humans cuz I figured if we can't figure it out for figured if we can't figure it out for figured if we can't figure it out for little yeast cells, we'll never figure little yeast cells, we'll never figure little yeast cells, we'll never figure it out for humans. So I went to MIT. My it out for humans. So I went to MIT. My it out for humans. So I went to MIT. My professor was Lenny Garenti. I went to professor was Lenny Garenti. I went to professor was Lenny Garenti. I went to his lab and I said, "I'm I'm not going. his lab and I said, "I'm I'm not going. his lab and I said, "I'm I'm not going. I'm not leaving." The goal was to in my I'm not leaving." The goal was to in my I'm not leaving." The goal was to in my mind was to figure out are there mind was to figure out are there mind was to figure out are there longevity genes. At that time most longevity genes. At that time most longevity genes. At that time most people thought that there were aging people thought that there were aging people thought that there were aging genes that caused aging death genes. genes that caused aging death genes. genes that caused aging death genes. That doesn't make any sense to me. Our That doesn't make any sense to me. Our That doesn't make any sense to me. Our bodies would have longevity genes that bodies would have longevity genes that bodies would have longevity genes that give life. So in yeast I went searching give life. So in yeast I went searching give life. So in yeast I went searching for them. And out of that work came two for them. And out of that work came two for them. And out of that work came two things. The first is Lenny and I my things. The first is Lenny and I my things. The first is Lenny and I my professor and I published in the journal professor and I published in the journal professor and I published in the journal cell which was a massive big deal in cell which was a massive big deal in cell which was a massive big deal in those days still is but it was my first those days still is but it was my first those days still is but it was my first time. the first evidence for a cause of time. the first evidence for a cause of time. the first evidence for a cause of aging for any species. We figured out aging for any species. We figured out aging for any species. We figured out why yeast cells get old. Do you want to why yeast cells get old. Do you want to why yeast cells get old. Do you want to guess? guess? guess? >> Why do yeast cells get old? >> Why do yeast cells get old? >> Why do yeast cells get old? >> Have you been paying attention? What >> Have you been paying attention? What >> Have you been paying attention? What does the information theory of aging does the information theory of aging does the information theory of aging say? say? say? >> I was going to say they have an identity >> I was going to say they have an identity >> I was going to say they have an identity crisis, but crisis, but crisis, but >> they do. >> they do. >> they do. >> How would we know if they have they're >> How would we know if they have they're >> How would we know if they have they're having an identity crisis? having an identity crisis? having an identity crisis? >> Oh, you can measure the identity of >> Oh, you can measure the identity of >> Oh, you can measure the identity of yeast cells. They have an identity. It's yeast cells. They have an identity. It's yeast cells. They have an identity. It's called their mating type. The main called their mating type. The main called their mating type. The main identity of a yeast cell is they are identity of a yeast cell is they are identity of a yeast cell is they are either a type or alpha type, male, either a type or alpha type, male, either a type or alpha type, male, female. female. female. And the hallmark of a yeast cell that's And the hallmark of a yeast cell that's And the hallmark of a yeast cell that's old is it loses its A and alpha identity old is it loses its A and alpha identity old is it loses its A and alpha identity and gets an identity crisis. It doesn't and gets an identity crisis. It doesn't and gets an identity crisis. It doesn't know what sex it is and it doesn't mate know what sex it is and it doesn't mate know what sex it is and it doesn't mate anymore, becomes sterile. So when I anymore, becomes sterile. So when I anymore, becomes sterile. So when I arrived at MIT in 1995, we knew that the arrived at MIT in 1995, we knew that the arrived at MIT in 1995, we knew that the hallmark of an old yeast cell besides it hallmark of an old yeast cell besides it hallmark of an old yeast cell besides it being a bit slow and bigger is that it being a bit slow and bigger is that it being a bit slow and bigger is that it became sterile. It had an identity became sterile. It had an identity became sterile. It had an identity crisis. So we figured out that broken crisis. So we figured out that broken crisis. So we figured out that broken chromosomes chromosomes chromosomes distract the sertuan defenses distract the sertuan defenses distract the sertuan defenses and that causes aging in a yeast cell. and that causes aging in a yeast cell. and that causes aging in a yeast cell. But we didn't know in the '90s that that But we didn't know in the '90s that that But we didn't know in the '90s that that was going to be true for us as well. It was going to be true for us as well. It was going to be true for us as well. It took another decade or two to figure took another decade or two to figure took another decade or two to figure that out. And how does this link to that out. And how does this link to that out. And how does this link to eating all the time? eating all the time? eating all the time? >> Yeah. So, sertuins are proteins that >> Yeah. So, sertuins are proteins that >> Yeah. So, sertuins are proteins that actually are attracted to DNA. They actually are attracted to DNA. They actually are attracted to DNA. They actually associate with it and they actually associate with it and they actually associate with it and they protect uh the DNA from getting damaged. protect uh the DNA from getting damaged. protect uh the DNA from getting damaged. >> Okay. Like bodyguards. >> Okay. Like bodyguards. >> Okay. Like bodyguards. >> Yeah. And they repair broken >> Yeah. And they repair broken >> Yeah. And they repair broken chromosomes, right? It's all coming chromosomes, right? It's all coming chromosomes, right? It's all coming together now. But they also get together now. But they also get together now. But they also get distracted. So look, a sertuan's normal distracted. So look, a sertuan's normal distracted. So look, a sertuan's normal job if there's no crisis is that they job if there's no crisis is that they job if there's no crisis is that they turn genes on and off. They are turn genes on and off. They are turn genes on and off. They are epigenetic regulators. They control the epigenetic regulators. They control the epigenetic regulators. They control the epiggenome. They tell a cell what type epiggenome. They tell a cell what type epiggenome. They tell a cell what type it is. Nerve cell, skin cell, right? it is. Nerve cell, skin cell, right? it is. Nerve cell, skin cell, right? >> Like a conductor. >> Like a conductor. >> Like a conductor. >> Thank you. Conductor. Exactly. >> Thank you. Conductor. Exactly. >> Thank you. Conductor. Exactly. But the conductor But the conductor But the conductor becomes demented over time. What happens becomes demented over time. What happens becomes demented over time. What happens is when you have a chromosomal break, is when you have a chromosomal break, is when you have a chromosomal break, the sertuins panic. They leave the DNA, the sertuins panic. They leave the DNA, the sertuins panic. They leave the DNA, what they're supposed to be doing, what they're supposed to be doing, what they're supposed to be doing, controlling the cell's identity, and controlling the cell's identity, and controlling the cell's identity, and they go and they repair the DNA. That's they go and they repair the DNA. That's they go and they repair the DNA. That's their other job. They have two jobs, their other job. They have two jobs, their other job. They have two jobs, identity and repair. So when you have identity and repair. So when you have identity and repair. So when you have this break, the Suins go away. They this break, the Suins go away. They this break, the Suins go away. They repair the problem, but they don't all repair the problem, but they don't all repair the problem, but they don't all go back in the next few minutes. It's go back in the next few minutes. It's go back in the next few minutes. It's very quick. They don't all go back to very quick. They don't all go back to very quick. They don't all go back to where they started. So you've got like where they started. So you've got like where they started. So you've got like this tennis match that the sertuins are this tennis match that the sertuins are this tennis match that the sertuins are the balls and they get hit over to the the balls and they get hit over to the the balls and they get hit over to the break, then hit back. Most of them find break, then hit back. Most of them find break, then hit back. Most of them find the genes that they should go back to, the genes that they should go back to, the genes that they should go back to, but they don't all do that. And that but they don't all do that. And that but they don't all do that. And that total game of tennis or ping pong, if total game of tennis or ping pong, if total game of tennis or ping pong, if you like, is what I believe causes the you like, is what I believe causes the you like, is what I believe causes the identity crisis. than aging itself identity crisis. than aging itself identity crisis. than aging itself causes aging in yeast cells. It's why causes aging in yeast cells. It's why causes aging in yeast cells. It's why yeast cells don't live longer than 10 yeast cells don't live longer than 10 yeast cells don't live longer than 10 days. And I believe it's why we struggle days. And I believe it's why we struggle days. And I believe it's why we struggle to live beyond 80 or 90. to live beyond 80 or 90. to live beyond 80 or 90. >> So if I'm eating all the time, then >> So if I'm eating all the time, then >> So if I'm eating all the time, then those sertuins, they're not going to be those sertuins, they're not going to be those sertuins, they're not going to be doing their job as the um the conductor doing their job as the um the conductor doing their job as the um the conductor making sure I know the identity of my making sure I know the identity of my making sure I know the identity of my cells. They're going to be doing repair cells. They're going to be doing repair cells. They're going to be doing repair stuff. So I'm going to age faster. stuff. So I'm going to age faster. stuff. So I'm going to age faster. >> Yes. And the breakthrough happened in >> Yes. And the breakthrough happened in >> Yes. And the breakthrough happened in the lab as I was just leaving to go to the lab as I was just leaving to go to the lab as I was just leaving to go to Harvard. I got a job at Harvard when I Harvard. I got a job at Harvard when I Harvard. I got a job at Harvard when I was 29, super excited. And just as I was was 29, super excited. And just as I was was 29, super excited. And just as I was leaving, there was a big breakthrough leaving, there was a big breakthrough leaving, there was a big breakthrough that they actually kept it secret from that they actually kept it secret from that they actually kept it secret from me cuz I they were worried I was going me cuz I they were worried I was going me cuz I they were worried I was going to work on it when I left. And in fact, to work on it when I left. And in fact, to work on it when I left. And in fact, my professor tried to prevent me from my professor tried to prevent me from my professor tried to prevent me from working on it when I left on Sertuins in working on it when I left on Sertuins in working on it when I left on Sertuins in general. crazy to think about. But what general. crazy to think about. But what general. crazy to think about. But what they discovered was that there's a a they discovered was that there's a a they discovered was that there's a a metabolite, a molecule that goes up and metabolite, a molecule that goes up and metabolite, a molecule that goes up and down with food and up and down with down with food and up and down with down with food and up and down with sleep called NAD. We have lots of it. sleep called NAD. We have lots of it. sleep called NAD. We have lots of it. There's grams of it in our body. It's There's grams of it in our body. It's There's grams of it in our body. It's one of the most abundant molecules in one of the most abundant molecules in one of the most abundant molecules in the body. It's very ancient. It's in the body. It's very ancient. It's in the body. It's very ancient. It's in yeast. It's in us. And what they found yeast. It's in us. And what they found yeast. It's in us. And what they found was that sertuins was that sertuins was that sertuins to control genes and to repair DNA to control genes and to repair DNA to control genes and to repair DNA that's broken, they don't do it unless that's broken, they don't do it unless that's broken, they don't do it unless there's NAD. It's the catalyst. It's the there's NAD. It's the catalyst. It's the there's NAD. It's the catalyst. It's the fuel for their reaction. They need NAD. fuel for their reaction. They need NAD. fuel for their reaction. They need NAD. And when we're young, we have lots of And when we're young, we have lots of And when we're young, we have lots of NAD. So, it works well. The satuans NAD. So, it works well. The satuans NAD. So, it works well. The satuans control the information on the genes and control the information on the genes and control the information on the genes and they repair the DNA very well because they repair the DNA very well because they repair the DNA very well because they've got lots of NAD to carry out they've got lots of NAD to carry out they've got lots of NAD to carry out their their work. These are enzymes. their their work. These are enzymes. their their work. These are enzymes. They work. They do things. As we get They work. They do things. As we get They work. They do things. As we get older, by the time you're 50, about my older, by the time you're 50, about my older, by the time you're 50, about my age, you have half the levels of this age, you have half the levels of this age, you have half the levels of this NAD molecule. my body is making less NAD NAD molecule. my body is making less NAD NAD molecule. my body is making less NAD and it's also destroying the NAD faster and it's also destroying the NAD faster and it's also destroying the NAD faster than when I was 20. That's a problem. than when I was 20. That's a problem. than when I was 20. That's a problem. And so what we found was that when we And so what we found was that when we And so what we found was that when we fast the yeast or we fast a human, NAD fast the yeast or we fast a human, NAD fast the yeast or we fast a human, NAD levels go up again. So fasting raises levels go up again. So fasting raises levels go up again. So fasting raises NAD and makes the certuins young again NAD and makes the certuins young again NAD and makes the certuins young again essentially and that preserves the essentially and that preserves the essentially and that preserves the epiggenome and it also repairs the DNA epiggenome and it also repairs the DNA epiggenome and it also repairs the DNA better. better. better. >> So can I just drink NAD? >> So can I just drink NAD? >> So can I just drink NAD? >> Uh you can drink NAD and not much would >> Uh you can drink NAD and not much would >> Uh you can drink NAD and not much would >> how? How do I take NAD? >> how? How do I take NAD? >> how? How do I take NAD? >> Uh, so NAD can be taken as a supplement >> Uh, so NAD can be taken as a supplement >> Uh, so NAD can be taken as a supplement which is a prec precursor to NAD. It's which is a prec precursor to NAD. It's which is a prec precursor to NAD. It's better to take the precursors. better to take the precursors. better to take the precursors. >> A precursor meaning something that >> A precursor meaning something that >> A precursor meaning something that creates it naturally. creates it naturally. creates it naturally. >> Exactly. There's one called NN, not to >> Exactly. There's one called NN, not to >> Exactly. There's one called NN, not to be confused with M&M's, which will be confused with M&M's, which will be confused with M&M's, which will probably not make you live longer. And probably not make you live longer. And probably not make you live longer. And there's another one called NR. NN is there's another one called NR. NN is there's another one called NR. NN is directly converted into NAD. You put two directly converted into NAD. You put two directly converted into NAD. You put two NAMNS together, you get NAD in the cell. NAMNS together, you get NAD in the cell. NAMNS together, you get NAD in the cell. We know this for a fact. This isn't We know this for a fact. This isn't We know this for a fact. This isn't isn't speculation. When you give a human isn't speculation. When you give a human isn't speculation. When you give a human NMN by swallowing it, a gram of it, you NMN by swallowing it, a gram of it, you NMN by swallowing it, a gram of it, you can t you typically double the amount of can t you typically double the amount of can t you typically double the amount of NAD in your body. And we believe and we NAD in your body. And we believe and we NAD in your body. And we believe and we have some evidence now in human clinical have some evidence now in human clinical have some evidence now in human clinical trials that the Sertuins are imparting trials that the Sertuins are imparting trials that the Sertuins are imparting health benefits, reestablishing the health benefits, reestablishing the health benefits, reestablishing the epiggenome, lowering body weight, uh epiggenome, lowering body weight, uh epiggenome, lowering body weight, uh improving inflammation, uh and even improving inflammation, uh and even improving inflammation, uh and even changing cholesterol levels in a changing cholesterol levels in a changing cholesterol levels in a positive way in humans. positive way in humans. positive way in humans. >> So, I mean, I'm assuming you take NN. >> So, I mean, I'm assuming you take NN. >> So, I mean, I'm assuming you take NN. I've been taking an amen and admitting I've been taking an amen and admitting I've been taking an amen and admitting that publicly uh for a while now and my that publicly uh for a while now and my that publicly uh for a while now and my father who is uh an even more advanced father who is uh an even more advanced father who is uh an even more advanced uh experiment at 86. uh experiment at 86. uh experiment at 86. So yes, we've been taking it for over a So yes, we've been taking it for over a So yes, we've been taking it for over a decade now and we're still alive. So so decade now and we're still alive. So so decade now and we're still alive. So so far so good. far so good. far so good. >> So far so good. I do want to get into >> So far so good. I do want to get into >> So far so good. I do want to get into and I will ask you in a second about the and I will ask you in a second about the and I will ask you in a second about the the supplement stack that you would the supplement stack that you would the supplement stack that you would recommend for the average person. Um but recommend for the average person. Um but recommend for the average person. Um but that's good to know. But just to close that's good to know. But just to close that's good to know. But just to close off on this point of fasting, is there a off on this point of fasting, is there a off on this point of fasting, is there a particular type of fasting method that particular type of fasting method that particular type of fasting method that you would recommend for someone who's you would recommend for someone who's you would recommend for someone who's trying to, you know, improve their trying to, you know, improve their trying to, you know, improve their longevity? longevity? longevity? >> Because there's so many that I hear 16 >> Because there's so many that I hear 16 >> Because there's so many that I hear 16 hours, 5 days. hours, 5 days. hours, 5 days. >> I'm a scientist, so I go with what's >> I'm a scientist, so I go with what's >> I'm a scientist, so I go with what's proven. I'm not selling anything. So, proven. I'm not selling anything. So, proven. I'm not selling anything. So, what the science says, first of all, is what the science says, first of all, is what the science says, first of all, is that there isn't one sizefits-all for that there isn't one sizefits-all for that there isn't one sizefits-all for everybody. Um, it it often depends on everybody. Um, it it often depends on everybody. Um, it it often depends on what you can do personally. It's what you can do personally. It's what you can do personally. It's challenging to do this, right? you'll challenging to do this, right? you'll challenging to do this, right? you'll feel hungry for the first two weeks you feel hungry for the first two weeks you feel hungry for the first two weeks you try it. So I I would suggest the way I try it. So I I would suggest the way I try it. So I I would suggest the way I do it is I start by skipping one and do it is I start by skipping one and do it is I start by skipping one and then maybe one and a half meals uh like then maybe one and a half meals uh like then maybe one and a half meals uh like what you do. Try to go without a meal what you do. Try to go without a meal what you do. Try to go without a meal until 3 4:00 if you can. Maybe not the until 3 4:00 if you can. Maybe not the until 3 4:00 if you can. Maybe not the first day, right? If you do that the first day, right? If you do that the first day, right? If you do that the first day, you'll say this is crazy. I'm first day, you'll say this is crazy. I'm first day, you'll say this is crazy. I'm I'm going to grab a snack and you won't I'm going to grab a snack and you won't I'm going to grab a snack and you won't do it. So go slowly, build up to it. So do it. So go slowly, build up to it. So do it. So go slowly, build up to it. So the first day I would say just don't eat the first day I would say just don't eat the first day I would say just don't eat breakfast and maybe have a snack midm breakfast and maybe have a snack midm breakfast and maybe have a snack midm morning. A week later try to go without morning. A week later try to go without morning. A week later try to go without breakfast completely until lunch and breakfast completely until lunch and breakfast completely until lunch and eventually work up to what you do and I eventually work up to what you do and I eventually work up to what you do and I do which is eat a very late lunch if not do which is eat a very late lunch if not do which is eat a very late lunch if not go to dinner. What you get with that is go to dinner. What you get with that is go to dinner. What you get with that is obviously not eating in bed hopefully. obviously not eating in bed hopefully. obviously not eating in bed hopefully. So you've got that the night fast So you've got that the night fast So you've got that the night fast starting what would it be 7:00 p.m. starting what would it be 7:00 p.m. starting what would it be 7:00 p.m. roughly. When do you finish dinner? roughly. When do you finish dinner? roughly. When do you finish dinner? >> Oh god. No comment. >> Oh god. No comment. >> Oh god. No comment. >> Okay. >> Okay. >> Okay. >> It's usually pretty late. Last night it >> It's usually pretty late. Last night it >> It's usually pretty late. Last night it was, you know, it was, this is probably was, you know, it was, this is probably was, you know, it was, this is probably why I don't eat very early the next day. why I don't eat very early the next day. why I don't eat very early the next day. Last night would have been about, I'm Last night would have been about, I'm Last night would have been about, I'm going to say 1000 p.m. going to say 1000 p.m. going to say 1000 p.m. >> Okay, >> Okay, >> Okay, >> it was super late. It was, that's an >> it was super late. It was, that's an >> it was super late. It was, that's an extraordinary example. Usually, it would extraordinary example. Usually, it would extraordinary example. Usually, it would be 8 or 9:00 p.m. be 8 or 9:00 p.m. be 8 or 9:00 p.m. >> Okay, but but you've got at least 13, 14 >> Okay, but but you've got at least 13, 14 >> Okay, but but you've got at least 13, 14 hours, which is good. Try to aim for 14 hours, which is good. Try to aim for 14 hours, which is good. Try to aim for 14 hours. Some people go 16 hours, but hours. Some people go 16 hours, but hours. Some people go 16 hours, but that's a good start for fasting. And that's a good start for fasting. And that's a good start for fasting. And hopefully you can do that most days, 5 hopefully you can do that most days, 5 hopefully you can do that most days, 5 days a week. That's great cuz that means days a week. That's great cuz that means days a week. That's great cuz that means that you're turning on your stratuins, that you're turning on your stratuins, that you're turning on your stratuins, raising your NAD. You're exercise as raising your NAD. You're exercise as raising your NAD. You're exercise as well. So that's also added into it. One well. So that's also added into it. One well. So that's also added into it. One thing that I've started doing is fasting thing that I've started doing is fasting thing that I've started doing is fasting for longer than just 14 16 hours. I try for longer than just 14 16 hours. I try for longer than just 14 16 hours. I try maybe once a month to go for 3 days maybe once a month to go for 3 days maybe once a month to go for 3 days without eating. without eating. without eating. >> Why? >> Why? >> Why? >> Because there's a type of cellular >> Because there's a type of cellular >> Because there's a type of cellular recycling that doesn't happen within the recycling that doesn't happen within the recycling that doesn't happen within the first 16 hours. Um you will enter first 16 hours. Um you will enter first 16 hours. Um you will enter ketosis. So you'll your body will start ketosis. So you'll your body will start ketosis. So you'll your body will start to change its metabolism produce what's to change its metabolism produce what's to change its metabolism produce what's called ketone bodies. But the true real called ketone bodies. But the true real called ketone bodies. But the true real deep clean cleansing of old proteins and deep clean cleansing of old proteins and deep clean cleansing of old proteins and damage damaged proteins happens after 2 damage damaged proteins happens after 2 damage damaged proteins happens after 2 and 1 half to 3 days and it's called and 1 half to 3 days and it's called and 1 half to 3 days and it's called chaperone mediated autophagy. chaperone mediated autophagy. chaperone mediated autophagy. >> Autophagy. >> Autophagy. >> Autophagy. >> Autophagy is the word for auto self-eing >> Autophagy is the word for auto self-eing >> Autophagy is the word for auto self-eing and it really kicks in for with an and it really kicks in for with an and it really kicks in for with an extended fast. extended fast. extended fast. >> What's the evolutionary reason for that? >> What's the evolutionary reason for that? >> What's the evolutionary reason for that? What's going on there? Why does it take What's going on there? Why does it take What's going on there? Why does it take me 2 and 1/2 days for this deep clean to me 2 and 1/2 days for this deep clean to me 2 and 1/2 days for this deep clean to happen? happen? happen? >> Uh cuz your body doesn't want to uh do >> Uh cuz your body doesn't want to uh do >> Uh cuz your body doesn't want to uh do it. It costs a lot of energy and having it. It costs a lot of energy and having it. It costs a lot of energy and having to remake body parts is energy to remake body parts is energy to remake body parts is energy expensive. And our body tries to expensive. And our body tries to expensive. And our body tries to conserve energy as much as possible. Uh conserve energy as much as possible. Uh conserve energy as much as possible. Uh when you're fasting, what it'll it needs when you're fasting, what it'll it needs when you're fasting, what it'll it needs to do is to use your body as fuel. So to do is to use your body as fuel. So to do is to use your body as fuel. So it'll start breaking down proteins for it'll start breaking down proteins for it'll start breaking down proteins for fuel that you need. So first of all, fuel that you need. So first of all, fuel that you need. So first of all, what'll happen is in the first few what'll happen is in the first few what'll happen is in the first few hours, you use glycogen from your your hours, you use glycogen from your your hours, you use glycogen from your your liver. Your liver makes glucose. You'll liver. Your liver makes glucose. You'll liver. Your liver makes glucose. You'll feel a little bit hungry, but you'll feel a little bit hungry, but you'll feel a little bit hungry, but you'll eventually be fine. Then once you run eventually be fine. Then once you run eventually be fine. Then once you run run out of glycogen, then you're going run out of glycogen, then you're going run out of glycogen, then you're going to start breaking down fat and making to start breaking down fat and making to start breaking down fat and making ketones. Uh that's when you start to get ketones. Uh that's when you start to get ketones. Uh that's when you start to get a bit of bad breath from from that. And a bit of bad breath from from that. And a bit of bad breath from from that. And you but you feel great. When you're in a you but you feel great. When you're in a you but you feel great. When you're in a between about 15 hours and 24 hours, between about 15 hours and 24 hours, between about 15 hours and 24 hours, that's when you get a lot of ketones and that's when you get a lot of ketones and that's when you get a lot of ketones and your brain uses those for fuel. So your brain uses those for fuel. So your brain uses those for fuel. So you'll have sharp mind, can remember you'll have sharp mind, can remember you'll have sharp mind, can remember things, you can focus on work if you things, you can focus on work if you things, you can focus on work if you ever get there. beyond that you need to ever get there. beyond that you need to ever get there. beyond that you need to break down fat and uh that is uh when break down fat and uh that is uh when break down fat and uh that is uh when your body is starting to do that but your body is starting to do that but your body is starting to do that but ultimately what what what happens after ultimately what what what happens after ultimately what what what happens after 3 days is your body says hey I'm going 3 days is your body says hey I'm going 3 days is your body says hey I'm going to start breaking down protein as well to start breaking down protein as well to start breaking down protein as well and uh I wouldn't do that often because and uh I wouldn't do that often because and uh I wouldn't do that often because I don't want to break down a lot of I don't want to break down a lot of I don't want to break down a lot of protein but your body will start to turn protein but your body will start to turn protein but your body will start to turn over old proteins preferentially and a over old proteins preferentially and a over old proteins preferentially and a little bit of that that's why I do it little bit of that that's why I do it little bit of that that's why I do it maybe once a month has been shown at maybe once a month has been shown at maybe once a month has been shown at least in animals to be not just healthy least in animals to be not just healthy least in animals to be not just healthy but life extending. but life extending. but life extending. >> On that point of ketosis, >> On that point of ketosis, >> On that point of ketosis, um, I like being in a state of ketosis. um, I like being in a state of ketosis. um, I like being in a state of ketosis. I kind of cycle in and out of it during I kind of cycle in and out of it during I kind of cycle in and out of it during the year because I get so many of the the year because I get so many of the the year because I get so many of the like cognitive benefits. I'm more like cognitive benefits. I'm more like cognitive benefits. I'm more articulate on the podcast. I can think articulate on the podcast. I can think articulate on the podcast. I can think better. I feel better. I feel more better. I feel better. I feel more better. I feel better. I feel more focused and more attentive. focused and more attentive. focused and more attentive. Is ketosis Is ketosis Is ketosis is the ketone diet the keto diet a is the ketone diet the keto diet a is the ketone diet the keto diet a healthy diet in your view? Is it what healthy diet in your view? Is it what healthy diet in your view? Is it what are the benefits of it? Is it something are the benefits of it? Is it something are the benefits of it? Is it something that you think is natural to be that you think is natural to be that you think is natural to be recommended? recommended? recommended? >> Well, I don't mind being controversial, >> Well, I don't mind being controversial, >> Well, I don't mind being controversial, but I do speak the truth. Um, there's but I do speak the truth. Um, there's but I do speak the truth. Um, there's not a lot of evidence that long-term the not a lot of evidence that long-term the not a lot of evidence that long-term the ketogenic diet is healthy. ketogenic diet is healthy. ketogenic diet is healthy. >> Certainly doesn't correlate or associate >> Certainly doesn't correlate or associate >> Certainly doesn't correlate or associate with uh longevity. with uh longevity. with uh longevity. Short-term, okay, it does help people Short-term, okay, it does help people Short-term, okay, it does help people lose weight, no question. Uh but I am lose weight, no question. Uh but I am lose weight, no question. Uh but I am rather concerned for people that don't rather concerned for people that don't rather concerned for people that don't have a balanced diet with an input of have a balanced diet with an input of have a balanced diet with an input of plant material which has molecules that plant material which has molecules that plant material which has molecules that are unique to plants and you won't find are unique to plants and you won't find are unique to plants and you won't find in high processed foods or meat. The in high processed foods or meat. The in high processed foods or meat. The evidence speaking as a scientist is that evidence speaking as a scientist is that evidence speaking as a scientist is that the long-term ketogenic diets are not the long-term ketogenic diets are not the long-term ketogenic diets are not going to be longevity inducing. The going to be longevity inducing. The going to be longevity inducing. The evidence is more having a lean diet with evidence is more having a lean diet with evidence is more having a lean diet with a focus on plants that are not a focus on plants that are not a focus on plants that are not overcooked and not ultrarocessed. overcooked and not ultrarocessed. overcooked and not ultrarocessed. That one is undoubtedly the healthiest That one is undoubtedly the healthiest That one is undoubtedly the healthiest if you can do it. if you can do it. if you can do it. >> Do you eat meat? >> Do you eat meat? >> Do you eat meat? >> I do eat meat, but not like I used to. I >> I do eat meat, but not like I used to. I >> I do eat meat, but not like I used to. I used to think that a meal was not a meal used to think that a meal was not a meal used to think that a meal was not a meal unless I had a piece of meat there and unless I had a piece of meat there and unless I had a piece of meat there and then the vegetables were the decoration then the vegetables were the decoration then the vegetables were the decoration and I'd begrudgingly eat the green and I'd begrudgingly eat the green and I'd begrudgingly eat the green stuff. I've been flipped totally. Um stuff. I've been flipped totally. Um stuff. I've been flipped totally. Um Serena, my partner Serena Pune is not Serena, my partner Serena Pune is not Serena, my partner Serena Pune is not just a nutritionist but a longevity just a nutritionist but a longevity just a nutritionist but a longevity expert for the last 26 years. And so she expert for the last 26 years. And so she expert for the last 26 years. And so she came to my apartment uh which is now our came to my apartment uh which is now our came to my apartment uh which is now our apartment and she just cleared out all apartment and she just cleared out all apartment and she just cleared out all the food that I had. Pretty much the food that I had. Pretty much the food that I had. Pretty much everything was either toxic or uh or everything was either toxic or uh or everything was either toxic or uh or just not healthy. It was ultrarocessed. just not healthy. It was ultrarocessed. just not healthy. It was ultrarocessed. She said, "What are you eating that kind She said, "What are you eating that kind She said, "What are you eating that kind of peanut butter, you know, full of of peanut butter, you know, full of of peanut butter, you know, full of sugar?" So she she's taught me how to sugar?" So she she's taught me how to sugar?" So she she's taught me how to live healthy. And so now I rarely eat live healthy. And so now I rarely eat live healthy. And so now I rarely eat meat. I rarely drink alcohol. I focus on meat. I rarely drink alcohol. I focus on meat. I rarely drink alcohol. I focus on really fresh, high quality uh preferably really fresh, high quality uh preferably really fresh, high quality uh preferably organic foods because I don't want organic foods because I don't want organic foods because I don't want pesticides and I don't want other pesticides and I don't want other pesticides and I don't want other contaminants. contaminants. contaminants. But I do know organic can be more more But I do know organic can be more more But I do know organic can be more more expensive. expensive. expensive. >> Why not meat? >> Why not meat? >> Why not meat? So animals unfortunately don't make what So animals unfortunately don't make what So animals unfortunately don't make what are called polyphenols which are a type are called polyphenols which are a type are called polyphenols which are a type of molecule that uh I believe uh and of molecule that uh I believe uh and of molecule that uh I believe uh and have evidence turns on the certuins and have evidence turns on the certuins and have evidence turns on the certuins and other pathways biochemical reactions other pathways biochemical reactions other pathways biochemical reactions that delay aging. So certuins are just that delay aging. So certuins are just that delay aging. So certuins are just one of a few enzymes that control aging. one of a few enzymes that control aging. one of a few enzymes that control aging. We know this. There's certuins. There's We know this. There's certuins. There's We know this. There's certuins. There's mTor which responds to aminos and mTor which responds to aminos and mTor which responds to aminos and another one called. So those three another one called. So those three another one called. So those three pathways are altered in just the right pathways are altered in just the right pathways are altered in just the right way by molecules found only in plants way by molecules found only in plants way by molecules found only in plants well and a small extent in fungi but not well and a small extent in fungi but not well and a small extent in fungi but not in meat. So if you're not eating a lot in meat. So if you're not eating a lot in meat. So if you're not eating a lot of vegetables or fruits, you're not of vegetables or fruits, you're not of vegetables or fruits, you're not getting these molecules. They're like getting these molecules. They're like getting these molecules. They're like medicine as food. So right here, I hope medicine as food. So right here, I hope medicine as food. So right here, I hope you don't mind me mentioning that there you don't mind me mentioning that there you don't mind me mentioning that there are some some food in front of us. And are some some food in front of us. And are some some food in front of us. And I'm looking at blueberries here. I'm looking at blueberries here. I'm looking at blueberries here. Blueberries are packed with polyphenols. Blueberries are packed with polyphenols. Blueberries are packed with polyphenols. One of the reasons they have purple One of the reasons they have purple One of the reasons they have purple color is the polyphenols have the color. color is the polyphenols have the color. color is the polyphenols have the color. And as Serena would tell you, eat the And as Serena would tell you, eat the And as Serena would tell you, eat the rainbow. I call it xenomormmesis, which rainbow. I call it xenomormmesis, which rainbow. I call it xenomormmesis, which is not as attractive, but xenomormis is is not as attractive, but xenomormis is is not as attractive, but xenomormis is the same idea as eat the rainbow. that the same idea as eat the rainbow. that the same idea as eat the rainbow. that by eating plants that have a lot of by eating plants that have a lot of by eating plants that have a lot of these molecules that are often produced these molecules that are often produced these molecules that are often produced by stressed plants. by stressed plants. by stressed plants. >> Stressed plants. >> Stressed plants. >> Stressed plants. >> So plants will be stressed just like we >> So plants will be stressed just like we >> So plants will be stressed just like we are. If you don't give them enough are. If you don't give them enough are. If you don't give them enough water, food, too much sunlight, not not water, food, too much sunlight, not not water, food, too much sunlight, not not enough sunlight. They in their defense enough sunlight. They in their defense enough sunlight. They in their defense they make polyphenols. they make polyphenols. they make polyphenols. There's a whole bunch of them. There's a whole bunch of them. There's a whole bunch of them. Resveratrol, physitan, coretin, there's Resveratrol, physitan, coretin, there's Resveratrol, physitan, coretin, there's there's hundreds. Uh this one has um there's hundreds. Uh this one has um there's hundreds. Uh this one has um anthocyanidins. That's the color. These anthocyanidins. That's the color. These anthocyanidins. That's the color. These activate these adversity responses in activate these adversity responses in activate these adversity responses in our cells. The sertuins will get our cells. The sertuins will get our cells. The sertuins will get activated by molecules in this activated by molecules in this activated by molecules in this blueberry. blueberry. blueberry. >> So if I eat this blueberry, >> So if I eat this blueberry, >> So if I eat this blueberry, those conductors that conduct some of those conductors that conduct some of those conductors that conduct some of the aging process you talked about the aging process you talked about the aging process you talked about making sure my cells don't have an making sure my cells don't have an making sure my cells don't have an identity crisis, fixing the the the identity crisis, fixing the the the identity crisis, fixing the the the negative stress that's going on in my um negative stress that's going on in my um negative stress that's going on in my um in my cells. they will be in my cells. they will be in my cells. they will be benefited by me eating this blueberry. benefited by me eating this blueberry. benefited by me eating this blueberry. >> Yeah. It's it's like a a free hack, >> Yeah. It's it's like a a free hack, >> Yeah. It's it's like a a free hack, right? You can eat something that's right? You can eat something that's right? You can eat something that's yummy, but you're also getting the yummy, but you're also getting the yummy, but you're also getting the benefits by mimicking fasting and benefits by mimicking fasting and benefits by mimicking fasting and exercise in your food as well. The exercise in your food as well. The exercise in your food as well. The certuins don't just need NAD. That's the certuins don't just need NAD. That's the certuins don't just need NAD. That's the gas pedal. That's the petrol for those gas pedal. That's the petrol for those gas pedal. That's the petrol for those of you in the British world and of you in the British world and of you in the British world and Commonwealth. The fuel for certuins is Commonwealth. The fuel for certuins is Commonwealth. The fuel for certuins is NAD. The accelerator pedal are the NAD. The accelerator pedal are the NAD. The accelerator pedal are the polyphenols in fruits and vegetables polyphenols in fruits and vegetables polyphenols in fruits and vegetables like resveratrol coretin which we know like resveratrol coretin which we know like resveratrol coretin which we know when you give them to sertuins they get when you give them to sertuins they get when you give them to sertuins they get hyperactivated hyperactivated hyperactivated >> and when you say eat the rainbow you >> and when you say eat the rainbow you >> and when you say eat the rainbow you mean eat colorful looking food mean eat colorful looking food mean eat colorful looking food >> because that's an an easy way to >> because that's an an easy way to >> because that's an an easy way to remember how to eat foods that have the remember how to eat foods that have the remember how to eat foods that have the most polyphenols. I'll give you a really most polyphenols. I'll give you a really most polyphenols. I'll give you a really good example, Stephen. Serena put me on good example, Stephen. Serena put me on good example, Stephen. Serena put me on to green tea matcha, right? So, matcha to green tea matcha, right? So, matcha to green tea matcha, right? So, matcha tea. If you haven't tried it, uh I'm tea. If you haven't tried it, uh I'm tea. If you haven't tried it, uh I'm sure you've tried it, but those of you sure you've tried it, but those of you sure you've tried it, but those of you who haven't tried it, I highly recommend who haven't tried it, I highly recommend who haven't tried it, I highly recommend it. It It tastes great. The reason for it. It It tastes great. The reason for it. It It tastes great. The reason for it switching from coffee mainly to it switching from coffee mainly to it switching from coffee mainly to matcha in the morning for me is that matcha in the morning for me is that matcha in the morning for me is that it's full of polyphenols. Why is it full it's full of polyphenols. Why is it full it's full of polyphenols. Why is it full of polyphenols? It's not just because of polyphenols? It's not just because of polyphenols? It's not just because it's green tea, which is not naturally it's green tea, which is not naturally it's green tea, which is not naturally healthy, but the growers of those plants healthy, but the growers of those plants healthy, but the growers of those plants in Japan typically they shade the plants in Japan typically they shade the plants in Japan typically they shade the plants before they harvest. Shading the plants before they harvest. Shading the plants before they harvest. Shading the plants stresses them out. Plants need light. stresses them out. Plants need light. stresses them out. Plants need light. So, they don't just make more So, they don't just make more So, they don't just make more chlorophyll, which produces the deep chlorophyll, which produces the deep chlorophyll, which produces the deep green color in the tea. But the green color in the tea. But the green color in the tea. But the polyphenols are super high. And through polyphenols are super high. And through polyphenols are super high. And through trial and error over thousands of years, trial and error over thousands of years, trial and error over thousands of years, the Japanese figured out that by shading the Japanese figured out that by shading the Japanese figured out that by shading the plants, giving them this mild the plants, giving them this mild the plants, giving them this mild hormetic stress, it makes them not just hormetic stress, it makes them not just hormetic stress, it makes them not just extra tasty, but extra healthy. Same extra tasty, but extra healthy. Same extra tasty, but extra healthy. Same with red wine, by the way. But the with red wine, by the way. But the with red wine, by the way. But the alcohol can be an issue. But absent alcohol can be an issue. But absent alcohol can be an issue. But absent alcohol, red wine is very good for you. alcohol, red wine is very good for you. alcohol, red wine is very good for you. >> Okay. Without the alcohol, >> Okay. Without the alcohol, >> Okay. Without the alcohol, >> it's unfortunate. You know, I I one of >> it's unfortunate. You know, I I one of >> it's unfortunate. You know, I I one of my papers in 1996 caused red wine cells my papers in 1996 caused red wine cells my papers in 1996 caused red wine cells to go up 30% and stayed up. I apologized to go up 30% and stayed up. I apologized to go up 30% and stayed up. I apologized for saying that red wine every day was for saying that red wine every day was for saying that red wine every day was healthy. Doctors were recommending it. healthy. Doctors were recommending it. healthy. Doctors were recommending it. Remember? Remember? Remember? >> Yeah. >> Yeah. >> Yeah. >> But I now changed my mind. I have to say >> But I now changed my mind. I have to say >> But I now changed my mind. I have to say that I no longer believed having one that I no longer believed having one that I no longer believed having one glass of red wine every day is healthy glass of red wine every day is healthy glass of red wine every day is healthy in my opinion. And I've stopped drinking in my opinion. And I've stopped drinking in my opinion. And I've stopped drinking red wine every day. Instead, I take red wine every day. Instead, I take red wine every day. Instead, I take polyphenols from red wine and from polyphenols from red wine and from polyphenols from red wine and from vegetables either in a pill or in my vegetables either in a pill or in my vegetables either in a pill or in my food as a substitute because the food as a substitute because the food as a substitute because the evidence for alcohol is rather damning. evidence for alcohol is rather damning. evidence for alcohol is rather damning. There's a UK bioank study and the UK There's a UK bioank study and the UK There's a UK bioank study and the UK looked at thousands of people's MRI scan looked at thousands of people's MRI scan looked at thousands of people's MRI scan of their brain who were drinking one of their brain who were drinking one of their brain who were drinking one glass of alcohol a day and there was a glass of alcohol a day and there was a glass of alcohol a day and there was a statistical difference between people statistical difference between people statistical difference between people that were drinking one glass a day and that were drinking one glass a day and that were drinking one glass a day and were not in terms of brain size and gray were not in terms of brain size and gray were not in terms of brain size and gray matter. Of course, the gray matter was matter. Of course, the gray matter was matter. Of course, the gray matter was tended to be smaller in those that drank tended to be smaller in those that drank tended to be smaller in those that drank even slightly. even slightly. even slightly. >> Yeah, I do. [clears throat] Um I >> Yeah, I do. [clears throat] Um I >> Yeah, I do. [clears throat] Um I actually have a matcher company. It's um actually have a matcher company. It's um actually have a matcher company. It's um it was this year voted the fastest it was this year voted the fastest it was this year voted the fastest growing company in the UK. Um it's by growing company in the UK. Um it's by growing company in the UK. Um it's by some founders that I invested in um some founders that I invested in um some founders that I invested in um Levi, Teddy, and Marissa from Dragon's Levi, Teddy, and Marissa from Dragon's Levi, Teddy, and Marissa from Dragon's Den. And it's been an absolute Den. And it's been an absolute Den. And it's been an absolute unbelievable in business. Unbelievable. unbelievable in business. Unbelievable. unbelievable in business. Unbelievable. >> So tell us where where do I get it? >> So tell us where where do I get it? >> So tell us where where do I get it? >> Japan. You get the matcha from Japan, >> Japan. You get the matcha from Japan, >> Japan. You get the matcha from Japan, but the company is called Perfect. but the company is called Perfect. but the company is called Perfect. People know about it. Um cuz I've talked People know about it. Um cuz I've talked People know about it. Um cuz I've talked about it before, but I didn't realize about it before, but I didn't realize about it before, but I didn't realize when I made the investment that matcha when I made the investment that matcha when I made the investment that matcha was considered by many to also be very was considered by many to also be very was considered by many to also be very healthy, especially a health alternative healthy, especially a health alternative healthy, especially a health alternative to certain energy products on the market to certain energy products on the market to certain energy products on the market that you get in cans that give you um I that you get in cans that give you um I that you get in cans that give you um I shan get sued. [laughter] shan get sued. [laughter] shan get sued. [laughter] >> But the other thing that um other >> But the other thing that um other >> But the other thing that um other company I invested in is this one here company I invested in is this one here company I invested in is this one here called uh Ketone IQ. I'm a coowner of called uh Ketone IQ. I'm a coowner of called uh Ketone IQ. I'm a coowner of this company as well. And this company as well. And this company as well. And >> yeah, I love that uh love that company. >> yeah, I love that uh love that company. >> yeah, I love that uh love that company. and the CEO, uh, Michael, good guy. and the CEO, uh, Michael, good guy. and the CEO, uh, Michael, good guy. >> What's your thoughts on exogenous >> What's your thoughts on exogenous >> What's your thoughts on exogenous ketones, like drinking ketones? ketones, like drinking ketones? ketones, like drinking ketones? >> I do it in fact that I drink ketone IQ >> I do it in fact that I drink ketone IQ >> I do it in fact that I drink ketone IQ before I do a podcast. before I do a podcast. before I do a podcast. >> Why? >> Why? >> Why? >> It improves my clarity. I find um I also >> It improves my clarity. I find um I also >> It improves my clarity. I find um I also believe the science and there have been believe the science and there have been believe the science and there have been multiple studies now in people in some multiple studies now in people in some multiple studies now in people in some of the the science comes out of ketone of the the science comes out of ketone of the the science comes out of ketone IQ but also independent studies have IQ but also independent studies have IQ but also independent studies have shown that it's extremely healthy for shown that it's extremely healthy for shown that it's extremely healthy for the heart and uh there's new studies the heart and uh there's new studies the heart and uh there's new studies that show for the brain as well it can that show for the brain as well it can that show for the brain as well it can be healthy the brain uses ketones like be healthy the brain uses ketones like be healthy the brain uses ketones like beta hydroxybutyrate or in that one it's beta hydroxybutyrate or in that one it's beta hydroxybutyrate or in that one it's 13b butin dial um just a shot of that 13b butin dial um just a shot of that 13b butin dial um just a shot of that will give the brain food that it needs will give the brain food that it needs will give the brain food that it needs rather than the body having to make it rather than the body having to make it rather than the body having to make it um and you get I and I feel it. I get um and you get I and I feel it. I get um and you get I and I feel it. I get the clarity of fasting without being in the clarity of fasting without being in the clarity of fasting without being in a fasted state, but I also drink it when a fasted state, but I also drink it when a fasted state, but I also drink it when I'm fasting to give it the body the I'm fasting to give it the body the I'm fasting to give it the body the extra boost that it needs. extra boost that it needs. extra boost that it needs. >> And on this point of diet, one of the >> And on this point of diet, one of the >> And on this point of diet, one of the things that I was told by my doctor when things that I was told by my doctor when things that I was told by my doctor when I did a like one of those blood tests I did a like one of those blood tests I did a like one of those blood tests was he cautioned me about bad was he cautioned me about bad was he cautioned me about bad cholesterol. cholesterol. cholesterol. He said to me something along the lines He said to me something along the lines He said to me something along the lines that I need to be careful about the bad that I need to be careful about the bad that I need to be careful about the bad cholesterol. And there's been lots of cholesterol. And there's been lots of cholesterol. And there's been lots of conversation about cholesterol, good, conversation about cholesterol, good, conversation about cholesterol, good, bad. What's your perspective on this bad. What's your perspective on this bad. What's your perspective on this conversation around bad cholesterol conversation around bad cholesterol conversation around bad cholesterol which has been thought to increase um which has been thought to increase um which has been thought to increase um certain foods have been thought to certain foods have been thought to certain foods have been thought to increase bad cholesterol um which is increase bad cholesterol um which is increase bad cholesterol um which is very very detrimental to our health. very very detrimental to our health. very very detrimental to our health. >> I didn't realize there was a debate at >> I didn't realize there was a debate at >> I didn't realize there was a debate at least in my world there is no debate um least in my world there is no debate um least in my world there is no debate um if you're referring to do you want to if you're referring to do you want to if you're referring to do you want to get your LDL cholesterol as low as get your LDL cholesterol as low as get your LDL cholesterol as low as possible. possible. possible. >> Yeah >> Yeah >> Yeah >> definitely. >> definitely. >> definitely. >> Oh really? Okay. So it's >> Oh really? Okay. So it's >> Oh really? Okay. So it's >> yeah I mean the science is irrefutable. >> yeah I mean the science is irrefutable. >> yeah I mean the science is irrefutable. thousands of people in studies. Now, I thousands of people in studies. Now, I thousands of people in studies. Now, I think I know what you were you were think I know what you were you were think I know what you were you were talking about. There there are some talking about. There there are some talking about. There there are some stories that you need cholesterol in stories that you need cholesterol in stories that you need cholesterol in your brain and if you inhibit it, you your brain and if you inhibit it, you your brain and if you inhibit it, you might affect your brain function. Um, might affect your brain function. Um, might affect your brain function. Um, you also need it for repair of arteries. you also need it for repair of arteries. you also need it for repair of arteries. But there's no evidence that that's a But there's no evidence that that's a But there's no evidence that that's a problem. In fact, it's it's a little problem. In fact, it's it's a little problem. In fact, it's it's a little known fact that the brain doesn't use known fact that the brain doesn't use known fact that the brain doesn't use the cholesterol from the bloodstream. It the cholesterol from the bloodstream. It the cholesterol from the bloodstream. It makes its own. So, I've actually been on makes its own. So, I've actually been on makes its own. So, I've actually been on a statin to lower my LDL since I was 30. a statin to lower my LDL since I was 30. a statin to lower my LDL since I was 30. >> Really? >> Really? >> Really? >> Well, I had high cholesterol. It's in my >> Well, I had high cholesterol. It's in my >> Well, I had high cholesterol. It's in my family, but I went to my doctor and I family, but I went to my doctor and I family, but I went to my doctor and I said, "I want to go on these new drugs said, "I want to go on these new drugs said, "I want to go on these new drugs at the time, statins." And he said, at the time, statins." And he said, at the time, statins." And he said, "Why? You don't have heart disease yet." "Why? You don't have heart disease yet." "Why? You don't have heart disease yet." And I said, "Why would I wait? Get me on And I said, "Why would I wait? Get me on And I said, "Why would I wait? Get me on it. I want to be on it." And in those it. I want to be on it." And in those it. I want to be on it." And in those days, it was very weird to give someone days, it was very weird to give someone days, it was very weird to give someone a statin at age 30 with no evidence of a statin at age 30 with no evidence of a statin at age 30 with no evidence of heart disease. But as you know, I'm of heart disease. But as you know, I'm of heart disease. But as you know, I'm of the opinion that we shouldn't wait till the opinion that we shouldn't wait till the opinion that we shouldn't wait till we get diseases to treat them. We should we get diseases to treat them. We should we get diseases to treat them. We should preempt that and start early in life. preempt that and start early in life. preempt that and start early in life. And so, yeah, I insisted with my doctor And so, yeah, I insisted with my doctor And so, yeah, I insisted with my doctor initially with statins, but on all of initially with statins, but on all of initially with statins, but on all of these things, I go in and I say, "I need these things, I go in and I say, "I need these things, I go in and I say, "I need you to prescribe me this test. I need you to prescribe me this test. I need you to prescribe me this test. I need this medicine." And eventually after this medicine." And eventually after this medicine." And eventually after talking it over with him, he typically talking it over with him, he typically talking it over with him, he typically prescribes me something or gets me a prescribes me something or gets me a prescribes me something or gets me a test. But I've been fighting the system test. But I've been fighting the system test. But I've been fighting the system and my doctor's at Harvard, so he's a and my doctor's at Harvard, so he's a and my doctor's at Harvard, so he's a good doctor but conservative. The old good doctor but conservative. The old good doctor but conservative. The old way of doing medicine is if you're not way of doing medicine is if you're not way of doing medicine is if you're not sick, we're not going to give you a sick, we're not going to give you a sick, we're not going to give you a medicine. Certainly not if you're young medicine. Certainly not if you're young medicine. Certainly not if you're young and healthy. Uh but that has to change. and healthy. Uh but that has to change. and healthy. Uh but that has to change. >> So you saying that I should be on >> So you saying that I should be on >> So you saying that I should be on statins potentially? statins potentially? statins potentially? >> Well, what's your LDL level? >> Well, what's your LDL level? >> Well, what's your LDL level? >> Not I don't think it's great. I think I >> Not I don't think it's great. I think I >> Not I don't think it's great. I think I ate too much bacon or something. ate too much bacon or something. ate too much bacon or something. >> Well, we can talk about food and >> Well, we can talk about food and >> Well, we can talk about food and cholesterol cuz it depends whether you cholesterol cuz it depends whether you cholesterol cuz it depends whether you absorb still or not. We can test for absorb still or not. We can test for absorb still or not. We can test for that. But if you do absorb cholesterol that. But if you do absorb cholesterol that. But if you do absorb cholesterol more than most, I would say that you may more than most, I would say that you may more than most, I would say that you may want to change your diet at a minimum. want to change your diet at a minimum. want to change your diet at a minimum. >> On this plate here in front of us, I >> On this plate here in front of us, I >> On this plate here in front of us, I have the have the have the top five foods that I believe you think top five foods that I believe you think top five foods that I believe you think are great for reversing aging. Am I are great for reversing aging. Am I are great for reversing aging. Am I correct? Is that does that correct? Is that does that correct? Is that does that >> these are great choices. Yeah. >> these are great choices. Yeah. >> these are great choices. Yeah. >> So, what are these and why? So, we've >> So, what are these and why? So, we've >> So, what are these and why? So, we've already done the blueberries and we've already done the blueberries and we've already done the blueberries and we've you've explained to me about polyphenols you've explained to me about polyphenols you've explained to me about polyphenols and they're rich in them, which I and they're rich in them, which I and they're rich in them, which I understand. understand. understand. >> Mhm. >> Mhm. >> Mhm. >> And they're low in sugar, right? >> And they're low in sugar, right? >> And they're low in sugar, right? Well, they're not low in sugar, so don't Well, they're not low in sugar, so don't Well, they're not low in sugar, so don't eat a ton of them. A handful is fine um eat a ton of them. A handful is fine um eat a ton of them. A handful is fine um as a snack. It's also known that having as a snack. It's also known that having as a snack. It's also known that having too much sugar is bad for longevity. too much sugar is bad for longevity. too much sugar is bad for longevity. >> Keep your blood sugar levels steady and >> Keep your blood sugar levels steady and >> Keep your blood sugar levels steady and low, as much as you can. So, don't eat low, as much as you can. So, don't eat low, as much as you can. So, don't eat too many of those. A better choice than too many of those. A better choice than too many of those. A better choice than blueberries would be something like blueberries would be something like blueberries would be something like matcha, which is not full of sugar. In matcha, which is not full of sugar. In matcha, which is not full of sugar. In fact, if you go to some of these chains fact, if you go to some of these chains fact, if you go to some of these chains that sell matcha and it tastes really that sell matcha and it tastes really that sell matcha and it tastes really sweet, you're going to reverse the sweet, you're going to reverse the sweet, you're going to reverse the effects of any polyphenols by drinking effects of any polyphenols by drinking effects of any polyphenols by drinking that much sugar. So, I always have that much sugar. So, I always have that much sugar. So, I always have unsweetened matcha. Okay. So, now we've unsweetened matcha. Okay. So, now we've unsweetened matcha. Okay. So, now we've got avocados here. got avocados here. got avocados here. >> Yeah. >> Yeah. >> Yeah. >> Yep. Avocados. >> Yep. Avocados. >> Yep. Avocados. >> Um, they're not so much known for their >> Um, they're not so much known for their >> Um, they're not so much known for their polyphenols, though they do have them. polyphenols, though they do have them. polyphenols, though they do have them. It's the type of fats, the It's the type of fats, the It's the type of fats, the polyunsaturated fats. They help with polyunsaturated fats. They help with polyunsaturated fats. They help with satiety, so you're not going to be as satiety, so you're not going to be as satiety, so you're not going to be as hungry. Uh, so if you put that on your hungry. Uh, so if you put that on your hungry. Uh, so if you put that on your sandwich at lunch, you're not going to sandwich at lunch, you're not going to sandwich at lunch, you're not going to feel peckish and they're highly feel peckish and they're highly feel peckish and they're highly anti-inflammatory as well. The molecules anti-inflammatory as well. The molecules anti-inflammatory as well. The molecules are in there and the fats are very good are in there and the fats are very good are in there and the fats are very good for you. for you. for you. >> Extra virgin olive oil. >> Extra virgin olive oil. >> Extra virgin olive oil. >> Oh yeah. Excellent. So the type of uh >> Oh yeah. Excellent. So the type of uh >> Oh yeah. Excellent. So the type of uh oils that are in there are very healthy. oils that are in there are very healthy. oils that are in there are very healthy. There's omega 9 which is also known to There's omega 9 which is also known to There's omega 9 which is also known to activate certuins and again if you have activate certuins and again if you have activate certuins and again if you have the right uh grower and this has been the right uh grower and this has been the right uh grower and this has been cold pressed not too processed and cold pressed not too processed and cold pressed not too processed and stressed before harvesting you'll have stressed before harvesting you'll have stressed before harvesting you'll have huge amounts of polyphenols as well. huge amounts of polyphenols as well. huge amounts of polyphenols as well. >> I really hope that this is what the team >> I really hope that this is what the team >> I really hope that this is what the team said it was. [laughter] This has said it was. [laughter] This has said it was. [laughter] This has happened before where I tried something happened before where I tried something happened before where I tried something and I thought it was something else but and I thought it was something else but and I thought it was something else but it it was some basically it was a white it it was some basically it was a white it it was some basically it was a white powder and it was labeled with something powder and it was labeled with something powder and it was labeled with something for for for >> a yellowine yellow liquid >> a yellowine yellow liquid >> a yellowine yellow liquid >> urine or something. >> urine or something. >> urine or something. >> Oh urine urine. No, I'm joking. It's >> Oh urine urine. No, I'm joking. It's >> Oh urine urine. No, I'm joking. It's not. [laughter] I can not. [laughter] I can not. [laughter] I can >> I don't think drinking urine uh is is >> I don't think drinking urine uh is is >> I don't think drinking urine uh is is longevity but yeah on and off I I do longevity but yeah on and off I I do longevity but yeah on and off I I do take a teaspoon of olive oil in the take a teaspoon of olive oil in the take a teaspoon of olive oil in the morning and mix it with rveratrol morning and mix it with rveratrol morning and mix it with rveratrol polyphenol. polyphenol. polyphenol. >> Oh okay. Interesting. >> Oh okay. Interesting. >> Oh okay. Interesting. >> Okay. Okay. So, extravirgin good. >> Okay. Okay. So, extravirgin good. >> Okay. Okay. So, extravirgin good. >> And there's a lot of evidence, not just >> And there's a lot of evidence, not just >> And there's a lot of evidence, not just molecular like me, but molecular like me, but molecular like me, but epidemiologically, people that that have epidemiologically, people that that have epidemiologically, people that that have a lot of olive oil in their diet tend to a lot of olive oil in their diet tend to a lot of olive oil in their diet tend to have low inflammation and less disease. have low inflammation and less disease. have low inflammation and less disease. >> And we've got some nuts. >> And we've got some nuts. >> And we've got some nuts. >> Yep. Nuts are good for many reasons. >> Yep. Nuts are good for many reasons. >> Yep. Nuts are good for many reasons. They're full of vitamins and minerals. They're full of vitamins and minerals. They're full of vitamins and minerals. Uh if there's a Brazil nut, you want to Uh if there's a Brazil nut, you want to Uh if there's a Brazil nut, you want to have one of those every day for the have one of those every day for the have one of those every day for the selenium, which is a very rare element selenium, which is a very rare element selenium, which is a very rare element in our food supply. And there's a recent in our food supply. And there's a recent in our food supply. And there's a recent study just last month showing that a study just last month showing that a study just last month showing that a lack of selenium um can be very lack of selenium um can be very lack of selenium um can be very delotterious. So nuts are great as a delotterious. So nuts are great as a delotterious. So nuts are great as a snack. Be careful. They're full of snack. Be careful. They're full of snack. Be careful. They're full of calories though. So if you're trying to calories though. So if you're trying to calories though. So if you're trying to lose weight and you're not exercising a lose weight and you're not exercising a lose weight and you're not exercising a lot, don't overeat on the nuts. lot, don't overeat on the nuts. lot, don't overeat on the nuts. And what? Oh, my least favorite food, And what? Oh, my least favorite food, And what? Oh, my least favorite food, but nevertheless, I will eat them. This but nevertheless, I will eat them. This but nevertheless, I will eat them. This is a Brussels sprout. is a Brussels sprout. is a Brussels sprout. Um when I was a kid, Brussels sprouts Um when I was a kid, Brussels sprouts Um when I was a kid, Brussels sprouts tasted a lot more a lot worse. bitter. tasted a lot more a lot worse. bitter. tasted a lot more a lot worse. bitter. [clears throat] [clears throat] [clears throat] >> Those are good u because they have >> Those are good u because they have >> Those are good u because they have polyphenols, but there's also another polyphenols, but there's also another polyphenols, but there's also another molecule in them called sulfurophane. molecule in them called sulfurophane. molecule in them called sulfurophane. It's actually the reason they taste It's actually the reason they taste It's actually the reason they taste terrible and smell terrible. terrible and smell terrible. terrible and smell terrible. Sulfurophane is what it sounds. It has a Sulfurophane is what it sounds. It has a Sulfurophane is what it sounds. It has a sulfur atom in it and that gives it that sulfur atom in it and that gives it that sulfur atom in it and that gives it that rotten egg smell. But sulfurophane rotten egg smell. But sulfurophane rotten egg smell. But sulfurophane activates these hormesis pathways. activates these hormesis pathways. activates these hormesis pathways. There's one called NRF and that is a There's one called NRF and that is a There's one called NRF and that is a stress response stress response stress response protein that sulfurophane activates. So protein that sulfurophane activates. So protein that sulfurophane activates. So you actually by eating preferably you actually by eating preferably you actually by eating preferably relatively steamed not fried to death relatively steamed not fried to death relatively steamed not fried to death Brussels sprouts, you'll get Brussels sprouts, you'll get Brussels sprouts, you'll get sulforophane. You can also take sulforophane. You can also take sulforophane. You can also take sulforophane as a supplement if you sulforophane as a supplement if you sulforophane as a supplement if you don't like Brussels sprouts. don't like Brussels sprouts. don't like Brussels sprouts. >> You've used this word pulsing before. Uh >> You've used this word pulsing before. Uh >> You've used this word pulsing before. Uh you believe that the body should go you believe that the body should go you believe that the body should go through cycles of stress and recovery through cycles of stress and recovery through cycles of stress and recovery rather than receiving constant daily rather than receiving constant daily rather than receiving constant daily inputs. When you say pulsing, what do inputs. When you say pulsing, what do inputs. When you say pulsing, what do you mean? What? Give me an example of you mean? What? Give me an example of you mean? What? Give me an example of pulsing and why I need to do that. pulsing and why I need to do that. pulsing and why I need to do that. >> Well, there's there's a few examples. >> Well, there's there's a few examples. >> Well, there's there's a few examples. The first time I came across this result The first time I came across this result The first time I came across this result as a scientist was resveratrol. So, as a scientist was resveratrol. So, as a scientist was resveratrol. So, resveratrol is found in red wine among resveratrol is found in red wine among resveratrol is found in red wine among other things. other things. other things. >> And uh it's thought to give the the >> And uh it's thought to give the the >> And uh it's thought to give the the health benefits of red wine. And we fed health benefits of red wine. And we fed health benefits of red wine. And we fed it to mice, fat mice, skinny mice, old it to mice, fat mice, skinny mice, old it to mice, fat mice, skinny mice, old mice, and it worked very well in the fat mice, and it worked very well in the fat mice, and it worked very well in the fat mice. It made them thinner. It made them mice. It made them thinner. It made them mice. It made them thinner. It made them live longer. It cured most of their live longer. It cured most of their live longer. It cured most of their diseases. They lived about I think it diseases. They lived about I think it diseases. They lived about I think it was 15 20% longer. Then we gave it to was 15 20% longer. Then we gave it to was 15 20% longer. Then we gave it to normal mice every day and they lived a normal mice every day and they lived a normal mice every day and they lived a little bit longer but not significantly. little bit longer but not significantly. little bit longer but not significantly. >> Resveratrol. >> Resveratrol. >> Resveratrol. >> Resveratrol. What we found to my >> Resveratrol. What we found to my >> Resveratrol. What we found to my surprise what does when we gave old mice surprise what does when we gave old mice surprise what does when we gave old mice rveratrol not every day but every second rveratrol not every day but every second rveratrol not every day but every second day then they lived significantly day then they lived significantly day then they lived significantly longer. So then I thought well maybe longer. So then I thought well maybe longer. So then I thought well maybe giving them a foreign substance every giving them a foreign substance every giving them a foreign substance every day is not good. Maybe there's some side day is not good. Maybe there's some side day is not good. Maybe there's some side effect that's counteracting the benefit. effect that's counteracting the benefit. effect that's counteracting the benefit. The other thing I want to mention, I The other thing I want to mention, I The other thing I want to mention, I said there's a few examples. Another said there's a few examples. Another said there's a few examples. Another good one is metformin. Metformin has good one is metformin. Metformin has good one is metformin. Metformin has been shown to make athletes and been shown to make athletes and been shown to make athletes and bodybuilders and people who go to the bodybuilders and people who go to the bodybuilders and people who go to the gym, weightlifterss, um, do less gym, weightlifterss, um, do less gym, weightlifterss, um, do less repetitions and as a result, their repetitions and as a result, their repetitions and as a result, their muscles are about 5% less compared to muscles are about 5% less compared to muscles are about 5% less compared to those that don't take metformin in size. those that don't take metformin in size. those that don't take metformin in size. I don't think it's molecular. I think I don't think it's molecular. I think I don't think it's molecular. I think it's because you feel a little bit it's because you feel a little bit it's because you feel a little bit weaker with metformin because it's weaker with metformin because it's weaker with metformin because it's actually interfering with your body's actually interfering with your body's actually interfering with your body's ability to make energy through ability to make energy through ability to make energy through mitochondria. mitochondria. mitochondria. Mitochondria, I think most people have Mitochondria, I think most people have Mitochondria, I think most people have heard of the little power packs living heard of the little power packs living heard of the little power packs living in our cells originally bacteria that in our cells originally bacteria that in our cells originally bacteria that came into our bodies. The point is that came into our bodies. The point is that came into our bodies. The point is that by pulsing metformin, I think that's a by pulsing metformin, I think that's a by pulsing metformin, I think that's a better way to do it for longevity. better way to do it for longevity. better way to do it for longevity. >> You mean cycling it? So like doing it >> You mean cycling it? So like doing it >> You mean cycling it? So like doing it every other day or every other day or every other day or >> Yeah. Yeah. Okay. Yeah. [clears throat] >> Yeah. Yeah. Okay. Yeah. [clears throat] >> Yeah. Yeah. Okay. Yeah. [clears throat] I don't take if I take metformin or the I don't take if I take metformin or the I don't take if I take metformin or the natural equivalent which is bourberine. natural equivalent which is bourberine. natural equivalent which is bourberine. If you don't want to take the drug, you If you don't want to take the drug, you If you don't want to take the drug, you can take bourberine. Um, that also can take bourberine. Um, that also can take bourberine. Um, that also activates this AMPK, this other so to activates this AMPK, this other so to activates this AMPK, this other so to and like pathway. Taking it every other and like pathway. Taking it every other and like pathway. Taking it every other day, I think is better. And particularly day, I think is better. And particularly day, I think is better. And particularly if you like to work out, don't take the if you like to work out, don't take the if you like to work out, don't take the metformin a few hours before you work metformin a few hours before you work metformin a few hours before you work out. Take it after or maybe skip it that out. Take it after or maybe skip it that out. Take it after or maybe skip it that day. I think that's a better approach. day. I think that's a better approach. day. I think that's a better approach. You know, every once in a while you come You know, every once in a while you come You know, every once in a while you come across a product that has such a huge across a product that has such a huge across a product that has such a huge impact on your life that you'd probably impact on your life that you'd probably impact on your life that you'd probably describe as a gamecher. And I would say describe as a gamecher. And I would say describe as a gamecher. And I would say for about 35 to 40% of my team, they for about 35 to 40% of my team, they for about 35 to 40% of my team, they would currently describe this product would currently describe this product would currently describe this product that I have in front of me called Ketone that I have in front of me called Ketone that I have in front of me called Ketone IQ, which you can get at ketone.com, IQ, which you can get at ketone.com, IQ, which you can get at ketone.com, as a game changer. But the reason I as a game changer. But the reason I as a game changer. But the reason I became a co-owner of this company and became a co-owner of this company and became a co-owner of this company and the reason why they they now are a the reason why they they now are a the reason why they they now are a sponsor of this podcast is because one sponsor of this podcast is because one sponsor of this podcast is because one day when I came to work there was a box day when I came to work there was a box day when I came to work there was a box of this stuff sat on my desk. I had no of this stuff sat on my desk. I had no of this stuff sat on my desk. I had no idea what it was. Lily in my team says idea what it was. Lily in my team says idea what it was. Lily in my team says that this company have been in touch. So that this company have been in touch. So that this company have been in touch. So I went upstairs tried it and quite I went upstairs tried it and quite I went upstairs tried it and quite frankly the rest is history in terms of frankly the rest is history in terms of frankly the rest is history in terms of my focus, my energy levels, how I feel, my focus, my energy levels, how I feel, my focus, my energy levels, how I feel, how I work, how productive I am. Game how I work, how productive I am. Game how I work, how productive I am. Game changer. So if you want to give it a changer. So if you want to give it a changer. So if you want to give it a try, visit ketone.com/stephven for 30% try, visit ketone.com/stephven for 30% try, visit ketone.com/stephven for 30% off. You'll also get a free gift with off. You'll also get a free gift with off. You'll also get a free gift with your second shipment. And now you can your second shipment. And now you can your second shipment. And now you can find Keton IQ at Target stores across find Keton IQ at Target stores across find Keton IQ at Target stores across the United States where your first shot the United States where your first shot the United States where your first shot is completely free of charge. We have is completely free of charge. We have is completely free of charge. We have finally caved in. So many of you have finally caved in. So many of you have finally caved in. So many of you have asked us if we could bundle the asked us if we could bundle the asked us if we could bundle the conversation cards with the 1% diary. conversation cards with the 1% diary. conversation cards with the 1% diary. For those of you that don't know, every For those of you that don't know, every For those of you that don't know, every single time a guest sits here with me in single time a guest sits here with me in single time a guest sits here with me in the chair, they leave a question in the the chair, they leave a question in the the chair, they leave a question in the diary of a CEO and then I ask that diary of a CEO and then I ask that diary of a CEO and then I ask that question to the next guest. We don't question to the next guest. We don't question to the next guest. We don't release those questions in any release those questions in any release those questions in any environment other than on these environment other than on these environment other than on these incredible conversation cards. These incredible conversation cards. These incredible conversation cards. These have become a fantastic tool for people have become a fantastic tool for people have become a fantastic tool for people in relationships, people in teams, in in relationships, people in teams, in in relationships, people in teams, in big corporations, and also family big corporations, and also family big corporations, and also family members to connect with each other. With members to connect with each other. With members to connect with each other. With that, we also have the 1% diary, which that, we also have the 1% diary, which that, we also have the 1% diary, which is this incredible tool to change habits is this incredible tool to change habits is this incredible tool to change habits in your life. So many of you have asked in your life. So many of you have asked in your life. So many of you have asked if it was possible to buy both at the if it was possible to buy both at the if it was possible to buy both at the same time, especially people in big same time, especially people in big same time, especially people in big companies. So, what we've done is we've companies. So, what we've done is we've companies. So, what we've done is we've bundled them together and you can buy bundled them together and you can buy bundled them together and you can buy both at the same time. And if you want both at the same time. And if you want both at the same time. And if you want to drive connection and instill habit to drive connection and instill habit to drive connection and instill habit change in your company, head to the change in your company, head to the change in your company, head to the diary.com to inquire and our team will diary.com to inquire and our team will diary.com to inquire and our team will be in touch. We talked about exercise be in touch. We talked about exercise be in touch. We talked about exercise earlier. On page 102 of your book, you earlier. On page 102 of your book, you earlier. On page 102 of your book, you talk about how there's a CDC funded talk about how there's a CDC funded talk about how there's a CDC funded study that found people who exercise study that found people who exercise study that found people who exercise regularly, about 30 minutes of jogging 5 regularly, about 30 minutes of jogging 5 regularly, about 30 minutes of jogging 5 days a week, have telomeres that look 10 days a week, have telomeres that look 10 days a week, have telomeres that look 10 years younger than sedentary people, years younger than sedentary people, years younger than sedentary people, people that just sit around all day and people that just sit around all day and people that just sit around all day and do don't do much exercise, do don't do much exercise, do don't do much exercise, which is pretty remarkable. which is pretty remarkable. which is pretty remarkable. How do we know it's the exercise and not How do we know it's the exercise and not How do we know it's the exercise and not something else? Like how are we able to something else? Like how are we able to something else? Like how are we able to establish causation there? establish causation there? establish causation there? >> Yeah, we don't. We don't. Unfortunately, >> Yeah, we don't. We don't. Unfortunately, >> Yeah, we don't. We don't. Unfortunately, all of these association studies just all of these association studies just all of these association studies just lead to a need to do placeboc controlled lead to a need to do placeboc controlled lead to a need to do placeboc controlled or at least controlled trials in people. or at least controlled trials in people. or at least controlled trials in people. So, we don't know for sure speaking like So, we don't know for sure speaking like So, we don't know for sure speaking like a scientist, but there have been studies a scientist, but there have been studies a scientist, but there have been studies where people are told to do exercise and where people are told to do exercise and where people are told to do exercise and those that are told to sit and then you those that are told to sit and then you those that are told to sit and then you can compare tum length and that has been can compare tum length and that has been can compare tum length and that has been shown. So, that's a much better evidence shown. So, that's a much better evidence shown. So, that's a much better evidence of causation. But you're right. When you of causation. But you're right. When you of causation. But you're right. When you see an association, it could be that see an association, it could be that see an association, it could be that people who do exercise also eat people who do exercise also eat people who do exercise also eat >> well and drink matcha, >> well and drink matcha, >> well and drink matcha, >> sleep better and >> sleep better and >> sleep better and >> Exactly. So, you have to be careful >> Exactly. So, you have to be careful >> Exactly. So, you have to be careful interpreting these association studies interpreting these association studies interpreting these association studies always. But when you've got a placebo always. But when you've got a placebo always. But when you've got a placebo control trial or you know these these control trial or you know these these control trial or you know these these studies that are called uh prospective, studies that are called uh prospective, studies that are called uh prospective, not retrospective studies, then they're not retrospective studies, then they're not retrospective studies, then they're better. So, tieumirs are the ends of better. So, tieumirs are the ends of better. So, tieumirs are the ends of chromosomes that get shorter as you as chromosomes that get shorter as you as chromosomes that get shorter as you as you get older. Um, we used to use them you get older. Um, we used to use them you get older. Um, we used to use them really as a good indicator of age, really as a good indicator of age, really as a good indicator of age, biological age. Now we use the biological age. Now we use the biological age. Now we use the epiggenome and the DNA methylation epiggenome and the DNA methylation epiggenome and the DNA methylation chemicals as a better clock. chemicals as a better clock. chemicals as a better clock. >> And then cold plunges and sauners. >> And then cold plunges and sauners. >> And then cold plunges and sauners. >> Yeah, let's get to those. >> Yeah, let's get to those. >> Yeah, let's get to those. >> I've got a sauna in the house, but I >> I've got a sauna in the house, but I >> I've got a sauna in the house, but I never use it to be honest. never use it to be honest. never use it to be honest. >> You should. >> You should. >> You should. >> But if you if you tell me I should maybe >> But if you if you tell me I should maybe >> But if you if you tell me I should maybe we should actually jump in there after we should actually jump in there after we should actually jump in there after this. this. this. >> Well, your girlfriend's still here, >> Well, your girlfriend's still here, >> Well, your girlfriend's still here, David. So, David. So, David. So, >> she can come [laughter] too. Uh, so >> she can come [laughter] too. Uh, so >> she can come [laughter] too. Uh, so sauners are in my mind it it's not even sauners are in my mind it it's not even sauners are in my mind it it's not even a question. They are proven to be a question. They are proven to be a question. They are proven to be beneficial for multiple reasons. Heart beneficial for multiple reasons. Heart beneficial for multiple reasons. Heart disease and even long-term mortality. disease and even long-term mortality. disease and even long-term mortality. >> What's going on in the sauna in the >> What's going on in the sauna in the >> What's going on in the sauna in the heat? heat? heat? >> Anyone who says they know is lying. We >> Anyone who says they know is lying. We >> Anyone who says they know is lying. We don't know. But one theory that I like don't know. But one theory that I like don't know. But one theory that I like and it also goes back to yeast cells. and it also goes back to yeast cells. and it also goes back to yeast cells. There are what are called heat shock There are what are called heat shock There are what are called heat shock proteins that come on and defend the proteins that come on and defend the proteins that come on and defend the cell when they the cell senses heat. And cell when they the cell senses heat. And cell when they the cell senses heat. And it may be that these heat shock defense it may be that these heat shock defense it may be that these heat shock defense proteins called HSC, HSPS proteins called HSC, HSPS proteins called HSC, HSPS uh come on when we breathe in this moist uh come on when we breathe in this moist uh come on when we breathe in this moist hot air, the moisture actually seems to hot air, the moisture actually seems to hot air, the moisture actually seems to help as well. And in many studies, help as well. And in many studies, help as well. And in many studies, mostly on Finnish men, businessmen, uh mostly on Finnish men, businessmen, uh mostly on Finnish men, businessmen, uh those that go into their home sauners, those that go into their home sauners, those that go into their home sauners, and the majority of homes in Finland do and the majority of homes in Finland do and the majority of homes in Finland do have sauners, so they can do these have sauners, so they can do these have sauners, so they can do these studies pretty easily. The bottom line studies pretty easily. The bottom line studies pretty easily. The bottom line is that those that didn't do regular is that those that didn't do regular is that those that didn't do regular quote unquote sauna bathing uh tended to quote unquote sauna bathing uh tended to quote unquote sauna bathing uh tended to die earlier uh in particular from heart die earlier uh in particular from heart die earlier uh in particular from heart disease and cardiovascular events than disease and cardiovascular events than disease and cardiovascular events than than those that did regular sauna than those that did regular sauna than those that did regular sauna bathing. So I'm I'm a big advocate of bathing. So I'm I'm a big advocate of bathing. So I'm I'm a big advocate of sauna. I don't have one in my house, but sauna. I don't have one in my house, but sauna. I don't have one in my house, but I do have a really hot steam shower I do have a really hot steam shower I do have a really hot steam shower which I use regularly every day. which I use regularly every day. which I use regularly every day. >> And is there a difference between the >> And is there a difference between the >> And is there a difference between the steam room and the sauna in terms of the steam room and the sauna in terms of the steam room and the sauna in terms of the impact here? impact here? impact here? >> I think a sauna is better cuz it gets >> I think a sauna is better cuz it gets >> I think a sauna is better cuz it gets hotter. Yeah. And I I would have a sauna hotter. Yeah. And I I would have a sauna hotter. Yeah. And I I would have a sauna if I had my choice. if I had my choice. if I had my choice. >> And the cold plunge, >> And the cold plunge, >> And the cold plunge, >> not a lot of data, but there's a lot of >> not a lot of data, but there's a lot of >> not a lot of data, but there's a lot of theory that again hormesis adversity, theory that again hormesis adversity, theory that again hormesis adversity, feeling better. There's there's some feeling better. There's there's some feeling better. There's there's some evidence that it can actually help with evidence that it can actually help with evidence that it can actually help with muscle repair after workouts. But I muscle repair after workouts. But I muscle repair after workouts. But I think we need a lot more research in think we need a lot more research in think we need a lot more research in that regard. But then nevertheless, I that regard. But then nevertheless, I that regard. But then nevertheless, I used to do it um before I was so busy used to do it um before I was so busy used to do it um before I was so busy and traveling the world. Um and I and traveling the world. Um and I and traveling the world. Um and I certainly feel better. So, even if I certainly feel better. So, even if I certainly feel better. So, even if I don't didn't live longer because of it, don't didn't live longer because of it, don't didn't live longer because of it, I I definitely had more mental clarity I I definitely had more mental clarity I I definitely had more mental clarity and I felt better in general. and I felt better in general. and I felt better in general. >> But but if you were if you were >> But but if you were if you were >> But but if you were if you were prioritizing all of the things we've prioritizing all of the things we've prioritizing all of the things we've talked about so far and you had to pick talked about so far and you had to pick talked about so far and you had to pick one, one, one, >> do I have to pick one? Cuz you need more >> do I have to pick one? Cuz you need more >> do I have to pick one? Cuz you need more than one. But than one. But than one. But >> in terms of like the most important one, >> in terms of like the most important one, >> in terms of like the most important one, that's maybe the first domino. that's maybe the first domino. that's maybe the first domino. >> Yeah. I I would say that the a >> Yeah. I I would say that the a >> Yeah. I I would say that the a combination of what the easiest biggest combination of what the easiest biggest combination of what the easiest biggest impact you can have combine that that impact you can have combine that that impact you can have combine that that would be skipping meals. skipping meals. would be skipping meals. skipping meals. would be skipping meals. skipping meals. >> Skipping meals. And then a close second >> Skipping meals. And then a close second >> Skipping meals. And then a close second would be exercise that includes losing would be exercise that includes losing would be exercise that includes losing your breath for at least five minutes your breath for at least five minutes your breath for at least five minutes three times a week. So what do I mean by three times a week. So what do I mean by three times a week. So what do I mean by losing your breath for 5 minutes when losing your breath for 5 minutes when losing your breath for 5 minutes when you couldn't carry out a conversation you couldn't carry out a conversation you couldn't carry out a conversation easily that you're panting? If you're easily that you're panting? If you're easily that you're panting? If you're not panting and you're just lifting not panting and you're just lifting not panting and you're just lifting weights, that's not going to have the weights, that's not going to have the weights, that's not going to have the the kind of benefit. the kind of benefit. the kind of benefit. >> Why? >> Why? >> Why? >> We don't know. But it's been shown that >> We don't know. But it's been shown that >> We don't know. But it's been shown that the health benefits and those that live the health benefits and those that live the health benefits and those that live long long long tend to do a lot more aerobic exercise, tend to do a lot more aerobic exercise, tend to do a lot more aerobic exercise, not just weights. But both are important not just weights. But both are important not just weights. But both are important for mobility, strength, falling in older for mobility, strength, falling in older for mobility, strength, falling in older age, and hormones like testosterone, age, and hormones like testosterone, age, and hormones like testosterone, >> red light therapy, um the red light >> red light therapy, um the red light >> red light therapy, um the red light masks. masks. masks. >> Yeah. Um >> Yeah. Um >> Yeah. Um >> red light sauners. >> red light sauners. >> red light sauners. >> At first, I was skeptical. Uh but I've >> At first, I was skeptical. Uh but I've >> At first, I was skeptical. Uh but I've done the research on the research. Um, done the research on the research. Um, done the research on the research. Um, and it looks reasonable. I I use a red and it looks reasonable. I I use a red and it looks reasonable. I I use a red light cap on my head to preserve my light cap on my head to preserve my light cap on my head to preserve my hairline. And uh there's some now good hairline. And uh there's some now good hairline. And uh there's some now good evidence that the mitochondria, which evidence that the mitochondria, which evidence that the mitochondria, which are the power packs, and a lot of, you are the power packs, and a lot of, you are the power packs, and a lot of, you know, good things come from know, good things come from know, good things come from mitochondria. They actually are mitochondria. They actually are mitochondria. They actually are rejuvenated, either rejuvenated or rejuvenated, either rejuvenated or rejuvenated, either rejuvenated or enhanced by this certain wavelengths of enhanced by this certain wavelengths of enhanced by this certain wavelengths of red light. You have to get the red light. You have to get the red light. You have to get the wavelength right. But, uh, it's not BS. wavelength right. But, uh, it's not BS. wavelength right. But, uh, it's not BS. It sounds like BS, right? how you shine It sounds like BS, right? how you shine It sounds like BS, right? how you shine light on your skin and it gets better or light on your skin and it gets better or light on your skin and it gets better or you get your hair. But, uh, I think that you get your hair. But, uh, I think that you get your hair. But, uh, I think that there's good evidence now that that it's there's good evidence now that that it's there's good evidence now that that it's not BS. not BS. not BS. >> And in terms of the supplement stack >> And in terms of the supplement stack >> And in terms of the supplement stack that you take every day. that you take every day. that you take every day. >> Mhm. >> Mhm. >> Mhm. >> If I was to look at the on a if on a >> If I was to look at the on a if on a >> If I was to look at the on a if on a great week where you just did everything great week where you just did everything great week where you just did everything right, what would your supplement stack right, what would your supplement stack right, what would your supplement stack look like? And I know this evolves over look like? And I know this evolves over look like? And I know this evolves over time, so I'm very keen to hear what it time, so I'm very keen to hear what it time, so I'm very keen to hear what it is right now. is right now. is right now. >> Yeah. Well, that that would be another >> Yeah. Well, that that would be another >> Yeah. Well, that that would be another podcast uh to go through each one of the podcast uh to go through each one of the podcast uh to go through each one of the things. And well, I I I travel with things. And well, I I I travel with things. And well, I I I travel with Serena with with a a little little case. Serena with with a a little little case. Serena with with a a little little case. >> Have you got it? >> Have you got it? >> Have you got it? >> I've got it here. >> I've got it here. >> I've got it here. >> Can I see it? >> Can I see it? >> Can I see it? >> Well, no, it's not in it's not in the >> Well, no, it's not in it's not in the >> Well, no, it's not in it's not in the studio. Oh, studio. Oh, studio. Oh, >> okay. >> okay. >> okay. >> I didn't bring it with me. >> I didn't bring it with me. >> I didn't bring it with me. >> Can you send me a photo? >> Can you send me a photo? >> Can you send me a photo? >> Sure. Uh, I couldn't publicly share it >> Sure. Uh, I couldn't publicly share it >> Sure. Uh, I couldn't publicly share it because it would be posted all over the because it would be posted all over the because it would be posted all over the internet. Would things would go crazy, internet. Would things would go crazy, internet. Would things would go crazy, but I can tell you the the main things. but I can tell you the the main things. but I can tell you the the main things. >> Why would it go crazy on the internet, >> Why would it go crazy on the internet, >> Why would it go crazy on the internet, would you think? Cuz it's cuz it's would you think? Cuz it's cuz it's would you think? Cuz it's cuz it's because there's a lot in there. because there's a lot in there. because there's a lot in there. Well, some of the things are Well, some of the things are Well, some of the things are experimental and I wouldn't want people experimental and I wouldn't want people experimental and I wouldn't want people >> to >> to >> to >> to go nuts about it because it's still >> to go nuts about it because it's still >> to go nuts about it because it's still experimental. experimental. experimental. >> I'm okay experimenting on myself. I'm >> I'm okay experimenting on myself. I'm >> I'm okay experimenting on myself. I'm not okay advocating for things that are not okay advocating for things that are not okay advocating for things that are not yet proven or known to be absolutely not yet proven or known to be absolutely not yet proven or known to be absolutely safe. safe. safe. >> Okay. So, give me the ones that you know >> Okay. So, give me the ones that you know >> Okay. So, give me the ones that you know to be safe. to be safe. to be safe. >> Uh well, the enemy we've covered. Yeah. >> Uh well, the enemy we've covered. Yeah. >> Uh well, the enemy we've covered. Yeah. >> Resveratrol >> Resveratrol >> Resveratrol and either metformin or bourberine. and either metformin or bourberine. and either metformin or bourberine. >> Yeah. >> Yeah. >> Yeah. >> Okay. Spermadine. Spermadine. >> Okay. Spermadine. Spermadine. >> Okay. Spermadine. Spermadine. >> Yeah. And the quantities are either on >> Yeah. And the quantities are either on >> Yeah. And the quantities are either on the screen or in my book if you want to the screen or in my book if you want to the screen or in my book if you want to know exactly. know exactly. know exactly. >> Is that what it sounds like? >> Is that what it sounds like? >> Is that what it sounds like? >> Uh, yes. [laughter] Yes. But you get it >> Uh, yes. [laughter] Yes. But you get it >> Uh, yes. [laughter] Yes. But you get it these days not from sperm or semen, but these days not from sperm or semen, but these days not from sperm or semen, but you get it from wheat germ typically you get it from wheat germ typically you get it from wheat germ typically plants. plants. plants. >> It used to come from sperm. >> It used to come from sperm. >> It used to come from sperm. >> Well, that's how it was discovered. It >> Well, that's how it was discovered. It >> Well, that's how it was discovered. It was crystallized by, I believe, Anthony was crystallized by, I believe, Anthony was crystallized by, I believe, Anthony von Lewan Hook, the one of the first von Lewan Hook, the one of the first von Lewan Hook, the one of the first microscopists and microbiologists. microscopists and microbiologists. microscopists and microbiologists. Spermadine. The reason that I take it is Spermadine. The reason that I take it is Spermadine. The reason that I take it is that it extends the lifespan of every that it extends the lifespan of every that it extends the lifespan of every animal that it's been given to from animal that it's been given to from animal that it's been given to from worms to to mice. And it's a very safe worms to to mice. And it's a very safe worms to to mice. And it's a very safe molecule. So that I always weigh up the molecule. So that I always weigh up the molecule. So that I always weigh up the downsides versus the upsides. And if downsides versus the upsides. And if downsides versus the upsides. And if there's no downsides and I can afford there's no downsides and I can afford there's no downsides and I can afford it, which you know, I work really hard it, which you know, I work really hard it, which you know, I work really hard that so I can afford it and I prioritize that so I can afford it and I prioritize that so I can afford it and I prioritize my health, then I take it. And if you're my health, then I take it. And if you're my health, then I take it. And if you're wondering how it works, it seems to wondering how it works, it seems to wondering how it works, it seems to stimulate autophagy, recycling of stimulate autophagy, recycling of stimulate autophagy, recycling of proteins. It helps with the fasting. Uh proteins. It helps with the fasting. Uh proteins. It helps with the fasting. Uh but I also have some evidence uh that it but I also have some evidence uh that it but I also have some evidence uh that it delays the epigenetic information loss. delays the epigenetic information loss. delays the epigenetic information loss. So it's slowing down the scratching of So it's slowing down the scratching of So it's slowing down the scratching of the record. the record. the record. >> Spermadine. >> Spermadine. >> Spermadine. >> All right. So um I'm also um keen on >> All right. So um I'm also um keen on >> All right. So um I'm also um keen on glycine. Glycine is a very safe glycine. Glycine is a very safe glycine. Glycine is a very safe substance. It's an amino acid, one of substance. It's an amino acid, one of substance. It's an amino acid, one of the 20 amino acids that makes proteins. the 20 amino acids that makes proteins. the 20 amino acids that makes proteins. And I actually did a PhD on glycine. I And I actually did a PhD on glycine. I And I actually did a PhD on glycine. I was one of the first people to perhaps was one of the first people to perhaps was one of the first people to perhaps the first person to clone genes that the first person to clone genes that the first person to clone genes that process glycine. So I know know it well. process glycine. So I know know it well. process glycine. So I know know it well. For some reason when you give animals For some reason when you give animals For some reason when you give animals and for instance mice grams of glycine and for instance mice grams of glycine and for instance mice grams of glycine so I take about 5 g of glycine most days so I take about 5 g of glycine most days so I take about 5 g of glycine most days uh they live longer though it's still uh they live longer though it's still uh they live longer though it's still speculation as to why. What I think is speculation as to why. What I think is speculation as to why. What I think is going on is that glycine controls what's going on is that glycine controls what's going on is that glycine controls what's called one carbon metabolism. And not called one carbon metabolism. And not called one carbon metabolism. And not wanting to bore the heck out of everyone wanting to bore the heck out of everyone wanting to bore the heck out of everyone who's listening to me, glycine and one who's listening to me, glycine and one who's listening to me, glycine and one carbon metabolism controls methylation carbon metabolism controls methylation carbon metabolism controls methylation of DNA. Getting back to the little of DNA. Getting back to the little of DNA. Getting back to the little chemicals that are on this DNA molecule chemicals that are on this DNA molecule chemicals that are on this DNA molecule that control the information. that control the information. that control the information. I wouldn't be surprised if by eating a I wouldn't be surprised if by eating a I wouldn't be surprised if by eating a lot of glycine every day, I'm slowing lot of glycine every day, I'm slowing lot of glycine every day, I'm slowing down this identity crisis you called it. down this identity crisis you called it. down this identity crisis you called it. Nevertheless, it's very safe and again Nevertheless, it's very safe and again Nevertheless, it's very safe and again falls into the same category as falls into the same category as falls into the same category as spermadine. No downside. Can't afford spermadine. No downside. Can't afford spermadine. No downside. Can't afford it. Why not? it. Why not? it. Why not? >> Is there anything else? >> Is there anything else? >> Is there anything else? >> Yeah, there's a lot. Um because I love >> Yeah, there's a lot. Um because I love >> Yeah, there's a lot. Um because I love you and your listeners. Uh let's see. I you and your listeners. Uh let's see. I you and your listeners. Uh let's see. I I'll I'll I'll reveal one more. Um there I'll I'll I'll reveal one more. Um there I'll I'll I'll reveal one more. Um there are there are some basics that I do are there are some basics that I do are there are some basics that I do there are if you're not doing them I there are if you're not doing them I there are if you're not doing them I think is is where very wise make sure think is is where very wise make sure think is is where very wise make sure you're not deficient in vitamin D you're not deficient in vitamin D you're not deficient in vitamin D obviously we just mentioned one of the obviously we just mentioned one of the obviously we just mentioned one of the reasons why [snorts] reasons why [snorts] reasons why [snorts] it's also if you're lacking vitamin D it's also if you're lacking vitamin D it's also if you're lacking vitamin D you can be uh susceptible to certain you can be uh susceptible to certain you can be uh susceptible to certain cancers so I take a vitamin D supplement cancers so I take a vitamin D supplement cancers so I take a vitamin D supplement Serena actually I take Serena's Serena actually I take Serena's Serena actually I take Serena's supplement because her vitamin D has supplement because her vitamin D has supplement because her vitamin D has vitamin K2 as well and K2 is another vitamin K2 as well and K2 is another vitamin K2 as well and K2 is another vitamin that's important for longevity I vitamin that's important for longevity I vitamin that's important for longevity I believe because it keeps calcium out of believe because it keeps calcium out of believe because it keeps calcium out of your arteries which causes plaque your arteries which causes plaque your arteries which causes plaque >> and tends to make your body put it into >> and tends to make your body put it into >> and tends to make your body put it into where it belongs which is your bones. where it belongs which is your bones. where it belongs which is your bones. >> What about aspirin? I read that >> What about aspirin? I read that >> What about aspirin? I read that somewhere. somewhere. somewhere. >> Yeah, that that that could be a whole >> Yeah, that that that could be a whole >> Yeah, that that that could be a whole podcast actually. But the briefly I take podcast actually. But the briefly I take podcast actually. But the briefly I take a baby aspirin every day even though a baby aspirin every day even though a baby aspirin every day even though some doctors um and some institutions of some doctors um and some institutions of some doctors um and some institutions of doctors say don't take it anymore even doctors say don't take it anymore even doctors say don't take it anymore even though it used to be prescribed and though it used to be prescribed and though it used to be prescribed and recommended. Why? recommended. Why? recommended. Why? A large study looked at the risks versus A large study looked at the risks versus A large study looked at the risks versus benefits. So the known benefits are you benefits. So the known benefits are you benefits. So the known benefits are you inh inhibit platelets, you get less inh inhibit platelets, you get less inh inhibit platelets, you get less clotting, you get less potentially clotting, you get less potentially clotting, you get less potentially uh stroke and heart attack. But there uh stroke and heart attack. But there uh stroke and heart attack. But there are also some downsides in some people. are also some downsides in some people. are also some downsides in some people. You can have more bleeding in the You can have more bleeding in the You can have more bleeding in the stomach. And when the doctor's stomach. And when the doctor's stomach. And when the doctor's association weighed up those risks association weighed up those risks association weighed up those risks versus benefit, they said, "Oopsy, we're versus benefit, they said, "Oopsy, we're versus benefit, they said, "Oopsy, we're not going to recommend aspirin anymore." not going to recommend aspirin anymore." not going to recommend aspirin anymore." But that's for the average person. But that's for the average person. But that's for the average person. Someone like me, I believe it makes Someone like me, I believe it makes Someone like me, I believe it makes perfect sense to take aspirin perfect sense to take aspirin perfect sense to take aspirin every day, most days at least when I every day, most days at least when I every day, most days at least when I remember. And that's because I have a remember. And that's because I have a remember. And that's because I have a high risk of cardiovascular disease. I high risk of cardiovascular disease. I high risk of cardiovascular disease. I don't just have high cholesterol don't just have high cholesterol don't just have high cholesterol naturally. I have high levels of naturally. I have high levels of naturally. I have high levels of something called LP little A, capital something called LP little A, capital something called LP little A, capital LP, parentheses little A. And this is a LP, parentheses little A. And this is a LP, parentheses little A. And this is a molecule that's just as important as molecule that's just as important as molecule that's just as important as cholesterol, LDL. um LP little A is a cholesterol, LDL. um LP little A is a cholesterol, LDL. um LP little A is a protein that inserts itself into protein that inserts itself into protein that inserts itself into cholesterol particles that circulate cholesterol particles that circulate cholesterol particles that circulate your blood and gets in helps insert into your blood and gets in helps insert into your blood and gets in helps insert into plaque. So I naturally genetically plaque. So I naturally genetically plaque. So I naturally genetically having an ancestry of um Judaism in having an ancestry of um Judaism in having an ancestry of um Judaism in going back to my great ancestors which going back to my great ancestors which going back to my great ancestors which by the way I traced back a thousand by the way I traced back a thousand by the way I traced back a thousand years during during Christmas. Those years during during Christmas. Those years during during Christmas. Those people that I descended from have this people that I descended from have this people that I descended from have this LP little A gene that makes a lot of it. LP little A gene that makes a lot of it. LP little A gene that makes a lot of it. And so I try to bring LP little A levels And so I try to bring LP little A levels And so I try to bring LP little A levels down. Most people should test for it. down. Most people should test for it. down. Most people should test for it. Ask your doctor about LP little A and Ask your doctor about LP little A and Ask your doctor about LP little A and get it tested high levels like me 30 40 get it tested high levels like me 30 40 get it tested high levels like me 30 40 uh you want to bring it down because it uh you want to bring it down because it uh you want to bring it down because it it's actually very important for it's actually very important for it's actually very important for longevity. Uh normal levels of around 10 longevity. Uh normal levels of around 10 longevity. Uh normal levels of around 10 or so or less then a doctor wouldn't or so or less then a doctor wouldn't or so or less then a doctor wouldn't panic. So LP little a uh get it tested. panic. So LP little a uh get it tested. panic. So LP little a uh get it tested. The way I'm bringing it down, just a The way I'm bringing it down, just a The way I'm bringing it down, just a little uh tidbit again because I love little uh tidbit again because I love little uh tidbit again because I love you, Stephen, is I'm taking highdose you, Stephen, is I'm taking highdose you, Stephen, is I'm taking highdose vitamin B3 or nascin. vitamin B3 or nascin. vitamin B3 or nascin. Now, it can be uncomfortable for some Now, it can be uncomfortable for some Now, it can be uncomfortable for some people to take it because it gives people to take it because it gives people to take it because it gives flushing. You get little tingling in flushing. You get little tingling in flushing. You get little tingling in your skin. And if you're not used to it your skin. And if you're not used to it your skin. And if you're not used to it or you don't take it with an aspirin, or you don't take it with an aspirin, or you don't take it with an aspirin, you'll feel hot almost like menopause you'll feel hot almost like menopause you'll feel hot almost like menopause apparently. And so, I I I take it. I apparently. And so, I I I take it. I apparently. And so, I I I take it. I built up to it. I'm taking half a gram. built up to it. I'm taking half a gram. built up to it. I'm taking half a gram. Some people take a gram. And that's one Some people take a gram. And that's one Some people take a gram. And that's one of the few things that's been known to of the few things that's been known to of the few things that's been known to bring down the levels of LP little A. bring down the levels of LP little A. bring down the levels of LP little A. There are drugs that are in development, There are drugs that are in development, There are drugs that are in development, even in phase three, that look even in phase three, that look even in phase three, that look promising, but until they're on the promising, but until they're on the promising, but until they're on the market, I'm taking Nison instead. market, I'm taking Nison instead. market, I'm taking Nison instead. >> What's the best uh treatment you've >> What's the best uh treatment you've >> What's the best uh treatment you've discovered for hair loss? Hair loss, discovered for hair loss? Hair loss, discovered for hair loss? Hair loss, hair graying, that kind of thing. hair graying, that kind of thing. hair graying, that kind of thing. >> Yeah. So, my father went bald before 30, >> Yeah. So, my father went bald before 30, >> Yeah. So, my father went bald before 30, like completely bald, right? And like completely bald, right? And like completely bald, right? And completely almost completely gray by the completely almost completely gray by the completely almost completely gray by the time he was 40. So, I'm super lucky, time he was 40. So, I'm super lucky, time he was 40. So, I'm super lucky, right? I thought I'd be bold at 30. I right? I thought I'd be bold at 30. I right? I thought I'd be bold at 30. I was pretty worried about it. So, I've was pretty worried about it. So, I've was pretty worried about it. So, I've been doing the right things been doing the right things been doing the right things intentionally. So, what I do is this red intentionally. So, what I do is this red intentionally. So, what I do is this red light cap when I can. I don't travel light cap when I can. I don't travel light cap when I can. I don't travel with it, but uh when I can, that's for 6 with it, but uh when I can, that's for 6 with it, but uh when I can, that's for 6 minutes. Stick it on there. minutes. Stick it on there. minutes. Stick it on there. >> Proven? Is it? >> Proven? Is it? >> Proven? Is it? >> Yeah. Proven. It's proven to slow. It >> Yeah. Proven. It's proven to slow. It >> Yeah. Proven. It's proven to slow. It doesn't necessarily give you your hair doesn't necessarily give you your hair doesn't necessarily give you your hair back. But when it comes to hair loss, back. But when it comes to hair loss, back. But when it comes to hair loss, don't wait till you see the hair loss. don't wait till you see the hair loss. don't wait till you see the hair loss. That can be too late. That can be too late. That can be too late. >> Okay. You're you're good. >> Okay. You're you're good. >> Okay. You're you're good. >> I'm okay. >> I'm okay. >> I'm okay. >> You're good. But I know a lot of men are >> You're good. But I know a lot of men are >> You're good. But I know a lot of men are are concerned. It's understandable. are concerned. It's understandable. are concerned. It's understandable. I'm taking a hormone mimedic to stop uh I'm taking a hormone mimedic to stop uh I'm taking a hormone mimedic to stop uh DHT, which is the form of testosterone DHT, which is the form of testosterone DHT, which is the form of testosterone that leads to men related hair loss. that leads to men related hair loss. that leads to men related hair loss. Right. So, one of the reasons that women Right. So, one of the reasons that women Right. So, one of the reasons that women don't lose hair as much as men is this don't lose hair as much as men is this don't lose hair as much as men is this DHT. So, I'm I'm blocking that. DHT. So, I'm I'm blocking that. DHT. So, I'm I'm blocking that. >> So, so let me get that straight. You're >> So, so let me get that straight. You're >> So, so let me get that straight. You're not taking testosterone? not taking testosterone? not taking testosterone? >> No. >> No. >> No. >> Because that's going to accelerate your >> Because that's going to accelerate your >> Because that's going to accelerate your hair loss. Well, it can if it raises hair loss. Well, it can if it raises hair loss. Well, it can if it raises DHT. The best way to raise testosterone DHT. The best way to raise testosterone DHT. The best way to raise testosterone naturally is to build up muscle, naturally is to build up muscle, naturally is to build up muscle, especially your legs, your back, big especially your legs, your back, big especially your legs, your back, big muscles. That's another reason to work muscles. That's another reason to work muscles. That's another reason to work out and maintain muscle mass, which I out and maintain muscle mass, which I out and maintain muscle mass, which I need to do more of. You look like you're need to do more of. You look like you're need to do more of. You look like you're in good shape already. But yeah, anyone in good shape already. But yeah, anyone in good shape already. But yeah, anyone who is losing testosterone is is below a who is losing testosterone is is below a who is losing testosterone is is below a level of about 400, highly recommend level of about 400, highly recommend level of about 400, highly recommend hitting the gym. It'll go back up. hitting the gym. It'll go back up. hitting the gym. It'll go back up. >> Do you recommend men taking testosterone >> Do you recommend men taking testosterone >> Do you recommend men taking testosterone replacement? Um, well, I'm a scientist, replacement? Um, well, I'm a scientist, replacement? Um, well, I'm a scientist, so I don't recommend drugs, but um, I so I don't recommend drugs, but um, I so I don't recommend drugs, but um, I don't think it's necessary for most men. don't think it's necessary for most men. don't think it's necessary for most men. I would start with, uh, reducing stress, I would start with, uh, reducing stress, I would start with, uh, reducing stress, sleeping well, exercising, building up sleeping well, exercising, building up sleeping well, exercising, building up muscle mass. Uh, and then if that muscle mass. Uh, and then if that muscle mass. Uh, and then if that doesn't work, yeah, talk to your doesn't work, yeah, talk to your doesn't work, yeah, talk to your physician. There there's not a big physician. There there's not a big physician. There there's not a big downside. There's not a risk of cancer downside. There's not a risk of cancer downside. There's not a risk of cancer to taking testosterone. I'm one of my to taking testosterone. I'm one of my to taking testosterone. I'm one of my good friends has done many clinical good friends has done many clinical good friends has done many clinical trials with testosterone. So, I think trials with testosterone. So, I think trials with testosterone. So, I think there's a use of use for it, but it there's a use of use for it, but it there's a use of use for it, but it doesn't lead to longevity. That was very doesn't lead to longevity. That was very doesn't lead to longevity. That was very clear. So for for health reasons, yes, clear. So for for health reasons, yes, clear. So for for health reasons, yes, for longevity, no need. What are the for longevity, no need. What are the for longevity, no need. What are the what are some of the um you know when I what are some of the um you know when I what are some of the um you know when I started watching your your videos many started watching your your videos many started watching your your videos many years ago listening to your podcast and years ago listening to your podcast and years ago listening to your podcast and following you on Twitter I I wondered following you on Twitter I I wondered following you on Twitter I I wondered you know there's so much information you you know there's so much information you you know there's so much information you can put out there because you're a can put out there because you're a can put out there because you're a scientist and scientists are very scientist and scientists are very scientist and scientists are very rigorous but you also must have a set of rigorous but you also must have a set of rigorous but you also must have a set of really really really interesting predictions or visions of interesting predictions or visions of interesting predictions or visions of the what the future looks like that you the what the future looks like that you the what the future looks like that you don't probably always talk about because don't probably always talk about because don't probably always talk about because they're not scientific. They're not they're not scientific. They're not they're not scientific. They're not based on anything. now maybe first based on anything. now maybe first based on anything. now maybe first principles in your own mind that formed principles in your own mind that formed principles in your own mind that formed where you go actually I think the world where you go actually I think the world where you go actually I think the world might look like this and I think it might look like this and I think it might look like this and I think it might happen then I'd love to hear about might happen then I'd love to hear about might happen then I'd love to hear about some of these some of these some of these >> and I understand they're not rigorous >> and I understand they're not rigorous >> and I understand they're not rigorous >> I'm happy to what happens to me because >> I'm happy to what happens to me because >> I'm happy to what happens to me because I'm a scientist and you know I'm part of I'm a scientist and you know I'm part of I'm a scientist and you know I'm part of this ivory tower at Harvard where we can this ivory tower at Harvard where we can this ivory tower at Harvard where we can only stick to facts and if you go beyond only stick to facts and if you go beyond only stick to facts and if you go beyond that it's it's a it's a crime and I've that it's it's a it's a crime and I've that it's it's a it's a crime and I've been criticized for that um but I think been criticized for that um but I think been criticized for that um but I think you know as humans life's interesting you know as humans life's interesting you know as humans life's interesting when it comes to predicting the future when it comes to predicting the future when it comes to predicting the future and like you I'm very curious where is and like you I'm very curious where is and like you I'm very curious where is humanity headed humanity headed humanity headed I see a future as different from this I see a future as different from this I see a future as different from this world as our world is from 200 years ago world as our world is from 200 years ago world as our world is from 200 years ago and that will happen in our lifetime and that will happen in our lifetime and that will happen in our lifetime different in that 100 years ago or more different in that 100 years ago or more different in that 100 years ago or more if you had an infected splinter there's if you had an infected splinter there's if you had an infected splinter there's a reasonable chance you could die a reasonable chance you could die a reasonable chance you could die childirth you could die smallpox these childirth you could die smallpox these childirth you could die smallpox these are things that we don't generally worry are things that we don't generally worry are things that we don't generally worry about anymore and the idea would be about anymore and the idea would be about anymore and the idea would be abhorrent. abhorrent. abhorrent. In the future, hopefully within our In the future, hopefully within our In the future, hopefully within our lifetimes, there will be a time when we lifetimes, there will be a time when we lifetimes, there will be a time when we look back at today's medicine when you look back at today's medicine when you look back at today's medicine when you could go blind and there was nothing you could go blind and there was nothing you could go blind and there was nothing you could do. You could break your back and could do. You could break your back and could do. You could break your back and never walk again. We will look back at never walk again. We will look back at never walk again. We will look back at today and say, "How did those people get today and say, "How did those people get today and say, "How did those people get through life? What a horrible world they through life? What a horrible world they through life? What a horrible world they lived in." That I believe is is the lived in." That I believe is is the lived in." That I believe is is the future that humanity is headed for and future that humanity is headed for and future that humanity is headed for and way faster than most people realize is way faster than most people realize is way faster than most people realize is coming. The kind of breakthroughs that coming. The kind of breakthroughs that coming. The kind of breakthroughs that we've discussed today, most people have we've discussed today, most people have we've discussed today, most people have never heard about the fact that we are never heard about the fact that we are never heard about the fact that we are aiming and already do cure blindness in aiming and already do cure blindness in aiming and already do cure blindness in monkeys like pure blindness. This isn't monkeys like pure blindness. This isn't monkeys like pure blindness. This isn't just, oh, I can't see a little bit. just, oh, I can't see a little bit. just, oh, I can't see a little bit. These are completely blind animals. Um, These are completely blind animals. Um, These are completely blind animals. Um, and that they can see again in a matter and that they can see again in a matter and that they can see again in a matter of 6 weeks. This is remarkable stuff, of 6 weeks. This is remarkable stuff, of 6 weeks. This is remarkable stuff, right? And if it works this year in right? And if it works this year in right? And if it works this year in people, it's going to be a really big people, it's going to be a really big people, it's going to be a really big deal because for the first time, we we deal because for the first time, we we deal because for the first time, we we have we'll have shown in humans that the have we'll have shown in humans that the have we'll have shown in humans that the body can be reset safely. body can be reset safely. body can be reset safely. And the eye is just the beginning, And the eye is just the beginning, And the eye is just the beginning, right? The future looks like we can right? The future looks like we can right? The future looks like we can rejuvenate potentially any tissue. If rejuvenate potentially any tissue. If rejuvenate potentially any tissue. If you have a bad liver, we'll make it you have a bad liver, we'll make it you have a bad liver, we'll make it young again. Bad brain, you've lost your young again. Bad brain, you've lost your young again. Bad brain, you've lost your memory, we'll give you those memories memory, we'll give you those memories memory, we'll give you those memories back again. We do this in mice in my lab back again. We do this in mice in my lab back again. We do this in mice in my lab all the time. It's not even a big deal all the time. It's not even a big deal all the time. It's not even a big deal in my lab anymore to reverse the age of in my lab anymore to reverse the age of in my lab anymore to reverse the age of tissues and anal in an animal in a tissues and anal in an animal in a tissues and anal in an animal in a matter of weeks. That is coming for matter of weeks. That is coming for matter of weeks. That is coming for humanity hopefully initially this year. humanity hopefully initially this year. humanity hopefully initially this year. But even if that doesn't work, it's only But even if that doesn't work, it's only But even if that doesn't work, it's only a technical issue. We'll solve that. You a technical issue. We'll solve that. You a technical issue. We'll solve that. You might be wondering how do we get the might be wondering how do we get the might be wondering how do we get the rejuvenative genes into the body? And rejuvenative genes into the body? And rejuvenative genes into the body? And what we do is we use a package that uh what we do is we use a package that uh what we do is we use a package that uh is able to get into cells. And this is a is able to get into cells. And this is a is able to get into cells. And this is a package that uh resembles a virus. It's package that uh resembles a virus. It's package that uh resembles a virus. It's not a virus. It doesn't cause disease. not a virus. It doesn't cause disease. not a virus. It doesn't cause disease. It's not infectious. But we package our It's not infectious. But we package our It's not infectious. But we package our three genes inside the virus three genes inside the virus three genes inside the virus uh virus like uh substance. And we close uh virus like uh substance. And we close uh virus like uh substance. And we close it up. We just made a bunch of this in it up. We just made a bunch of this in it up. We just made a bunch of this in Europe for the clinical trial that's Europe for the clinical trial that's Europe for the clinical trial that's going to begin. Just making this is going to begin. Just making this is going to begin. Just making this is difficult. It took us about a year to difficult. It took us about a year to difficult. It took us about a year to make it and was about I think it was $10 make it and was about I think it was $10 make it and was about I think it was $10 million. million. million. Right now it's expensive to do this. Right now it's expensive to do this. Right now it's expensive to do this. Eventually it will be cheap and Eventually it will be cheap and Eventually it will be cheap and eventually it will be a cheap pill. eventually it will be a cheap pill. eventually it will be a cheap pill. Hopefully we have trillions of these Hopefully we have trillions of these Hopefully we have trillions of these molecules, these delivery vehicles that molecules, these delivery vehicles that molecules, these delivery vehicles that will go. So you can pass me the eye. will go. So you can pass me the eye. will go. So you can pass me the eye. We're gaining back this eye model. These We're gaining back this eye model. These We're gaining back this eye model. These delivery vehicles with our three genes delivery vehicles with our three genes delivery vehicles with our three genes will be delivered. Obviously these are will be delivered. Obviously these are will be delivered. Obviously these are microscopic. They go in through the eye microscopic. They go in through the eye microscopic. They go in through the eye with a with a quick jab. All right. It with a with a quick jab. All right. It with a with a quick jab. All right. It sounds horrible, but a quick jab into sounds horrible, but a quick jab into sounds horrible, but a quick jab into the eye. If you're blind, who cares? the eye. If you're blind, who cares? the eye. If you're blind, who cares? >> Yeah, >> Yeah, >> Yeah, >> it's 2 seconds of discomfort. Now, >> it's 2 seconds of discomfort. Now, >> it's 2 seconds of discomfort. Now, you've got the little virus, you've got the little virus, you've got the little virus, which I'm going to break off the stand which I'm going to break off the stand which I'm going to break off the stand here. The little virus, there's billions here. The little virus, there's billions here. The little virus, there's billions of them, trillions of them in the eye. of them, trillions of them in the eye. of them, trillions of them in the eye. Now, they infect specifically the nerves Now, they infect specifically the nerves Now, they infect specifically the nerves at the back of the eye in the retina. at the back of the eye in the retina. at the back of the eye in the retina. >> How do they know what to infect? Because >> How do they know what to infect? Because >> How do they know what to infect? Because these little balls on the on the package these little balls on the on the package these little balls on the on the package direct it specifically by design, by our direct it specifically by design, by our direct it specifically by design, by our lab's design just to those nerves at the lab's design just to those nerves at the lab's design just to those nerves at the back of the eye. If we change these back of the eye. If we change these back of the eye. If we change these little proteins on the surface, we can little proteins on the surface, we can little proteins on the surface, we can send it to the liver or to the brain. send it to the liver or to the brain. send it to the liver or to the brain. This is the zip code, the post code for This is the zip code, the post code for This is the zip code, the post code for where we want to send our three genes. where we want to send our three genes. where we want to send our three genes. >> Mhm. >> Mhm. >> Mhm. >> But this one's designed for the eye. >> But this one's designed for the eye. >> But this one's designed for the eye. It's called an AAV2. It's called an AAV2. It's called an AAV2. Um, long story short, these are ready to Um, long story short, these are ready to Um, long story short, these are ready to go into humans. We're just waiting for go into humans. We're just waiting for go into humans. We're just waiting for FDA approval to inject it into a blind FDA approval to inject it into a blind FDA approval to inject it into a blind patient to see what happens. patient to see what happens. patient to see what happens. >> And then inside there is the protein >> And then inside there is the protein >> And then inside there is the protein which is going to fix the which is going to fix the which is going to fix the [clears throat] [clears throat] [clears throat] >> Well, actually, not the protein. What >> Well, actually, not the protein. What >> Well, actually, not the protein. What actually happens is when this goes in actually happens is when this goes in actually happens is when this goes in the eye, this what I'm So, what I'm the eye, this what I'm So, what I'm the eye, this what I'm So, what I'm holding up looks like a little ball with holding up looks like a little ball with holding up looks like a little ball with red dots on it. Um, it looks like a red dots on it. Um, it looks like a red dots on it. Um, it looks like a virus, but it's not. It's a package. Now virus, but it's not. It's a package. Now virus, but it's not. It's a package. Now what happens is these trillions of what happens is these trillions of what happens is these trillions of little packages go into the fluid. Now little packages go into the fluid. Now little packages go into the fluid. Now they they dock with the cells at the they they dock with the cells at the they they dock with the cells at the back of the eye. They get inside the back of the eye. They get inside the back of the eye. They get inside the cell and they open up and out comes this cell and they open up and out comes this cell and they open up and out comes this little package that we've made. little package that we've made. little package that we've made. This is a protein package. Each one of This is a protein package. Each one of This is a protein package. Each one of these little dots on this little soccer these little dots on this little soccer these little dots on this little soccer ball is a protein that's now inside the ball is a protein that's now inside the ball is a protein that's now inside the cell. This is a little spaceship that cell. This is a little spaceship that cell. This is a little spaceship that opens up and out of that opens up and out of that opens up and out of that comes the DNA. This is a loop of DNA comes the DNA. This is a loop of DNA comes the DNA. This is a loop of DNA just here. These are this is the DNA just here. These are this is the DNA just here. These are this is the DNA package that we put in there. Trillions package that we put in there. Trillions package that we put in there. Trillions of them. One of them gets into one cell of them. One of them gets into one cell of them. One of them gets into one cell and now stays in that cell forever. So and now stays in that cell forever. So and now stays in that cell forever. So that person or the monkey or the mouse that person or the monkey or the mouse that person or the monkey or the mouse that we've treated becomes a transgenic that we've treated becomes a transgenic that we've treated becomes a transgenic person with genes that we've put in person with genes that we've put in person with genes that we've put in permanently into the back of the eye, permanently into the back of the eye, permanently into the back of the eye, but they don't do anything until we tell but they don't do anything until we tell but they don't do anything until we tell them to. That's now just sitting there. them to. That's now just sitting there. them to. That's now just sitting there. We've engineered it uniquely and We've engineered it uniquely and We've engineered it uniquely and patented the ability to turn on those patented the ability to turn on those patented the ability to turn on those three genes whenever we want and turn three genes whenever we want and turn three genes whenever we want and turn them off again whenever we want. them off again whenever we want. them off again whenever we want. >> How? We give them doxycyc. It's used for >> How? We give them doxycyc. It's used for >> How? We give them doxycyc. It's used for malaria. It's used for Lyme disease. And malaria. It's used for Lyme disease. And malaria. It's used for Lyme disease. And we're using it in this case to turn we're using it in this case to turn we're using it in this case to turn these genes on. So the patients will get these genes on. So the patients will get these genes on. So the patients will get their doxycycline. their doxycycline. their doxycycline. uh we'll give them some probiotics to uh we'll give them some probiotics to uh we'll give them some probiotics to restore hopefully we'll we'll restore restore hopefully we'll we'll restore restore hopefully we'll we'll restore their microbiome of course but the idea their microbiome of course but the idea their microbiome of course but the idea is that this doxycycl will turn on these is that this doxycycl will turn on these is that this doxycycl will turn on these three genes for about 8 weeks and the three genes for about 8 weeks and the three genes for about 8 weeks and the doctor in charge of the clinical trial doctor in charge of the clinical trial doctor in charge of the clinical trial one of them's at Harvard a good friend one of them's at Harvard a good friend one of them's at Harvard a good friend of mine he'll measure the vision of the of mine he'll measure the vision of the of mine he'll measure the vision of the first patient before the treatment and first patient before the treatment and first patient before the treatment and of course regular intervals and if all of course regular intervals and if all of course regular intervals and if all goes well because we're treating goes well because we're treating goes well because we're treating patients not healthy volunteers in the patients not healthy volunteers in the patients not healthy volunteers in the first trial trial, we should know within first trial trial, we should know within first trial trial, we should know within a either one or two patients if it works a either one or two patients if it works a either one or two patients if it works because we're not drawing a graph. It's because we're not drawing a graph. It's because we're not drawing a graph. It's either going to work or it isn't. either going to work or it isn't. either going to work or it isn't. >> Mhm. >> Mhm. >> Mhm. >> The patient gets better eyesight or it >> The patient gets better eyesight or it >> The patient gets better eyesight or it does or they don't. So by this time next does or they don't. So by this time next does or they don't. So by this time next year, we will know if it works or not. year, we will know if it works or not. year, we will know if it works or not. Maybe even sooner. But publicly, we may Maybe even sooner. But publicly, we may Maybe even sooner. But publicly, we may know if this works. And if it works, the know if this works. And if it works, the know if this works. And if it works, the eye is just the beginning. So the first eye is just the beginning. So the first eye is just the beginning. So the first disease to treat is glaucoma, pressure disease to treat is glaucoma, pressure disease to treat is glaucoma, pressure in the eye. There's also a stroke in the in the eye. There's also a stroke in the in the eye. There's also a stroke in the eye which is becoming more prevalent in eye which is becoming more prevalent in eye which is becoming more prevalent in the world because of the ampic and other the world because of the ampic and other the world because of the ampic and other weight loss drugs and people go blind weight loss drugs and people go blind weight loss drugs and people go blind overnight and there's nothing that you overnight and there's nothing that you overnight and there's nothing that you can do for those patients. They're blind can do for those patients. They're blind can do for those patients. They're blind and their other eye cannot can go a few and their other eye cannot can go a few and their other eye cannot can go a few months later. It's very scary for them. months later. It's very scary for them. months later. It's very scary for them. These are young people. A friend of mine These are young people. A friend of mine These are young people. A friend of mine had it happen. It's pretty common these had it happen. It's pretty common these had it happen. It's pretty common these days about 30,000 people each year in days about 30,000 people each year in days about 30,000 people each year in the US alone. But these two diseases are the US alone. But these two diseases are the US alone. But these two diseases are the beginning. If they work then we go the beginning. If they work then we go the beginning. If they work then we go on to macular degeneration which is the on to macular degeneration which is the on to macular degeneration which is the largest cause of blindness besides largest cause of blindness besides largest cause of blindness besides glaucoma. Then we'll go on to liver then glaucoma. Then we'll go on to liver then glaucoma. Then we'll go on to liver then maybe the lung the skin and we'll keep maybe the lung the skin and we'll keep maybe the lung the skin and we'll keep going from there. We'll make different going from there. We'll make different going from there. We'll make different packages for different organs and packages for different organs and packages for different organs and ultimately we want to rejuvenate the ultimately we want to rejuvenate the ultimately we want to rejuvenate the entire body. The company um people might entire body. The company um people might entire body. The company um people might want to know it's called life want to know it's called life want to know it's called life biosciences. It's a private company but biosciences. It's a private company but biosciences. It's a private company but life biosciences I'm very proud of the life biosciences I'm very proud of the life biosciences I'm very proud of the scientists who are doing this work. big scientists who are doing this work. big scientists who are doing this work. big goal is to really make the world's first goal is to really make the world's first goal is to really make the world's first age reversal medicine as a pill and age reversal medicine as a pill and age reversal medicine as a pill and we're working with them using AI to find we're working with them using AI to find we're working with them using AI to find that molecule. that molecule. that molecule. >> And when do you think you might have it >> And when do you think you might have it >> And when do you think you might have it if you had to forecast? if you had to forecast? if you had to forecast? >> Uh >> Uh >> Uh >> the world's first age reversal molecule. >> the world's first age reversal molecule. >> the world's first age reversal molecule. That's That's That's >> Well, we have right now we're down to >> Well, we have right now we're down to >> Well, we have right now we're down to three molecules that work and we're three molecules that work and we're three molecules that work and we're using AI to make all of those three in using AI to make all of those three in using AI to make all of those three in one and we're we're in the middle of it. one and we're we're in the middle of it. one and we're we're in the middle of it. We screened about 8 billion candidates We screened about 8 billion candidates We screened about 8 billion candidates using AI and right now we're doing the using AI and right now we're doing the using AI and right now we're doing the bench lab work to see if one of them or bench lab work to see if one of them or bench lab work to see if one of them or more works. And for us to put that in more works. And for us to put that in more works. And for us to put that in humans is still a number of years away. humans is still a number of years away. humans is still a number of years away. But we should know within a year or two But we should know within a year or two But we should know within a year or two uh if we're right because we'll we'll uh if we're right because we'll we'll uh if we're right because we'll we'll put them into mice and if they get put them into mice and if they get put them into mice and if they get younger and live longer then we're younger and live longer then we're younger and live longer then we're really on to something important. And really on to something important. And really on to something important. And the reason that I want to make a pill um the reason that I want to make a pill um the reason that I want to make a pill um is is important for the planet. These is is important for the planet. These is is important for the planet. These drugs are expensive. I mentioned 10 drugs are expensive. I mentioned 10 drugs are expensive. I mentioned 10 million bucks to do a clinical trial. million bucks to do a clinical trial. million bucks to do a clinical trial. These are expensive. They could cost These are expensive. They could cost These are expensive. They could cost over $100,000 per treatment. That's not over $100,000 per treatment. That's not over $100,000 per treatment. That's not going to be for everybody. It's worth it going to be for everybody. It's worth it going to be for everybody. It's worth it if you're blind. It's worth it for the if you're blind. It's worth it for the if you're blind. It's worth it for the country to cure blindness. But what if country to cure blindness. But what if country to cure blindness. But what if it could be instead of $100,000, it could be instead of $100,000, it could be instead of $100,000, $100? That's what I'm working for. I $100? That's what I'm working for. I $100? That's what I'm working for. I want to democratize this technology so want to democratize this technology so want to democratize this technology so anyone even in Kenya can take these anyone even in Kenya can take these anyone even in Kenya can take these medicines. medicines. medicines. >> David, what's the most important thing >> David, what's the most important thing >> David, what's the most important thing we haven't talked about that we should we haven't talked about that we should we haven't talked about that we should have talked about as it relates to have talked about as it relates to have talked about as it relates to >> the future longevity >> the future longevity >> the future longevity and these adjacent subjects? and these adjacent subjects? and these adjacent subjects? >> There's a lot of things and there's >> There's a lot of things and there's >> There's a lot of things and there's there's push back. There's philosophical there's push back. There's philosophical there's push back. There's philosophical push back from push back from push back from >> religious folks who don't believe that >> religious folks who don't believe that >> religious folks who don't believe that we should play God. And I would I would we should play God. And I would I would we should play God. And I would I would argue to them that we've been doing that argue to them that we've been doing that argue to them that we've been doing that as a species for thousands of years, as a species for thousands of years, as a species for thousands of years, changing our biology, taking medicines, changing our biology, taking medicines, changing our biology, taking medicines, plant medicines originally. plant medicines originally. plant medicines originally. What about this room is natural? What about this room is natural? What about this room is natural? >> Right? We change our world as species. >> Right? We change our world as species. >> Right? We change our world as species. Aging is no different. In fact, it's Aging is no different. In fact, it's Aging is no different. In fact, it's crazy that we haven't worked on it crazy that we haven't worked on it crazy that we haven't worked on it sooner. sooner. sooner. >> Do you believe in God? >> Do you believe in God? >> Do you believe in God? So the the the the short answer is I So the the the the short answer is I So the the the the short answer is I believe that there is something beyond believe that there is something beyond believe that there is something beyond reality as we see it. You know I study reality as we see it. You know I study reality as we see it. You know I study physics. Physics is so weird and anyone physics. Physics is so weird and anyone physics. Physics is so weird and anyone who says they understand the quantum who says they understand the quantum who says they understand the quantum world or quantum mechanics is I think is world or quantum mechanics is I think is world or quantum mechanics is I think is also lying there. It's so bizarre. also lying there. It's so bizarre. also lying there. It's so bizarre. Quantum entanglement simulation theory. Quantum entanglement simulation theory. Quantum entanglement simulation theory. So I believe that that this this is not So I believe that that this this is not So I believe that that this this is not a solid desk. I believe that there are a solid desk. I believe that there are a solid desk. I believe that there are multiple versions of it. Maybe infinite multiple versions of it. Maybe infinite multiple versions of it. Maybe infinite number of versions of this desk. number of versions of this desk. number of versions of this desk. >> We've got four. >> We've got four. >> We've got four. >> You do? >> You do? >> You do? >> We've got four of them. >> We've got four of them. >> We've got four of them. >> Yeah. But it's four times infinity. Um I >> Yeah. But it's four times infinity. Um I >> Yeah. But it's four times infinity. Um I also I also believe that consciousness also I also believe that consciousness also I also believe that consciousness is the ultimate goal of the universe is the ultimate goal of the universe is the ultimate goal of the universe that consciousness creates reality. We that consciousness creates reality. We that consciousness creates reality. We know that from particle physics. The know that from particle physics. The know that from particle physics. The observation of particles changes their observation of particles changes their observation of particles changes their reality even retrospectively in time. reality even retrospectively in time. reality even retrospectively in time. Apparently, Apparently, Apparently, >> when you look at them, >> when you look at them, >> when you look at them, >> when you observe them, you can use a >> when you observe them, you can use a >> when you observe them, you can use a camera or you can use your eyes. camera or you can use your eyes. camera or you can use your eyes. Usually, it's a detector, but the the Usually, it's a detector, but the the Usually, it's a detector, but the the detection and then conscious detection and then conscious detection and then conscious interpretation of a particle's behavior interpretation of a particle's behavior interpretation of a particle's behavior changes how it acts. changes how it acts. changes how it acts. So, does does this mean that there's So, does does this mean that there's So, does does this mean that there's something behind this wall unless we something behind this wall unless we something behind this wall unless we look at it? Maybe, maybe, maybe look at it? Maybe, maybe, maybe look at it? Maybe, maybe, maybe observation creates reality. We know it observation creates reality. We know it observation creates reality. We know it influences reality. So, I don't know if influences reality. So, I don't know if influences reality. So, I don't know if I would call it God, but I'm definitely I would call it God, but I'm definitely I would call it God, but I'm definitely spiritual in a scientific way. spiritual in a scientific way. spiritual in a scientific way. >> Has it ever dawned on you that actually >> Has it ever dawned on you that actually >> Has it ever dawned on you that actually you might be the only real person here? you might be the only real person here? you might be the only real person here? And actually, we only we all render when And actually, we only we all render when And actually, we only we all render when you walked in, David, you walked in, David, you walked in, David, >> I wasn't here before. >> I wasn't here before. >> I wasn't here before. >> Yeah. Uh, well, that's even plausible, >> Yeah. Uh, well, that's even plausible, >> Yeah. Uh, well, that's even plausible, but that would be very narcissistic to but that would be very narcissistic to but that would be very narcissistic to you. [laughter] you. [laughter] you. [laughter] >> I I actually I just rendered when you >> I I actually I just rendered when you >> I I actually I just rendered when you walked in the house today. I I I've I walked in the house today. I I I've I walked in the house today. I I I've I don't exist. [clears throat] don't exist. [clears throat] don't exist. [clears throat] >> Well, there's no way of proving it right >> Well, there's no way of proving it right >> Well, there's no way of proving it right or wrong, actually. Um I think most kids or wrong, actually. Um I think most kids or wrong, actually. Um I think most kids think that initially, [laughter] but think that initially, [laughter] but think that initially, [laughter] but then you then you realize it's probably then you then you realize it's probably then you then you realize it's probably the least likely explanation for the the least likely explanation for the the least likely explanation for the world, but there is some there is some world, but there is some there is some world, but there is some there is some truth to that uh in terms of physics. Um truth to that uh in terms of physics. Um truth to that uh in terms of physics. Um >> do you think we're in a simulation? >> do you think we're in a simulation? >> do you think we're in a simulation? >> I think there's a better than 50% chance >> I think there's a better than 50% chance >> I think there's a better than 50% chance that this is simulated. >> So, you think it's probably a >> So, you think it's probably a simulation? That's another way. I think simulation? That's another way. I think simulation? That's another way. I think it's probably a simulation. it's probably a simulation. it's probably a simulation. Certainly, the world that we think it is Certainly, the world that we think it is Certainly, the world that we think it is is not the world we think it is. is not the world we think it is. is not the world we think it is. >> How can you be so sure? >> How can you be so sure? >> How can you be so sure? >> Because when you get down to measuring >> Because when you get down to measuring >> Because when you get down to measuring it at the fundamental level, reality it at the fundamental level, reality it at the fundamental level, reality doesn't exist the way we think it does. Things are created, things change just Things are created, things change just by human observation. by human observation. by human observation. That is the weirdest thing that you That is the weirdest thing that you That is the weirdest thing that you could ever find in science. I don't know could ever find in science. I don't know could ever find in science. I don't know why we aren't talking about it more. why we aren't talking about it more. why we aren't talking about it more. This reality cannot be true if me This reality cannot be true if me This reality cannot be true if me looking at this DNA molecule here looking at this DNA molecule here looking at this DNA molecule here affects the the actual particles inside affects the the actual particles inside affects the the actual particles inside it. it. it. >> So I'm I might be sort of projecting it. >> So I'm I might be sort of projecting it. >> So I'm I might be sort of projecting it. >> Yeah. You create realities of particles >> Yeah. You create realities of particles >> Yeah. You create realities of particles at least maybe even macroscopic things at least maybe even macroscopic things at least maybe even macroscopic things just by existing and having just by existing and having just by existing and having consciousness consciousness consciousness and having eyes and sensing it. and having eyes and sensing it. and having eyes and sensing it. How does the particle know that you've How does the particle know that you've How does the particle know that you've seen it? seen it? seen it? >> How do we know that that's true? How do >> How do we know that that's true? How do >> How do we know that that's true? How do we know that particles change based on we know that particles change based on we know that particles change based on observation? observation? observation? >> There's a classic uh double slit >> There's a classic uh double slit >> There's a classic uh double slit experiment uh it's formerly called um experiment uh it's formerly called um experiment uh it's formerly called um that was done I believe in the mid 20th that was done I believe in the mid 20th that was done I believe in the mid 20th century maybe earlier. If you fire two century maybe earlier. If you fire two century maybe earlier. If you fire two particles through two slits in a board, particles through two slits in a board, particles through two slits in a board, the board blocks the particles. So you the board blocks the particles. So you the board blocks the particles. So you can fire electrons is a good example. can fire electrons is a good example. can fire electrons is a good example. Electrons, if you're observing them, Electrons, if you're observing them, Electrons, if you're observing them, will go straight through the slits and will go straight through the slits and will go straight through the slits and hit a backboard that detects it. Can be hit a backboard that detects it. Can be hit a backboard that detects it. Can be film, can be a detector, and it'll get film, can be a detector, and it'll get film, can be a detector, and it'll get two slits behind. Makes sense, right? two slits behind. Makes sense, right? two slits behind. Makes sense, right? That's our reality. Two slits, particles That's our reality. Two slits, particles That's our reality. Two slits, particles go through. If they hit the board, they go through. If they hit the board, they go through. If they hit the board, they don't go to the detector. If they go don't go to the detector. If they go don't go to the detector. If they go through one slit, they'll land on the through one slit, they'll land on the through one slit, they'll land on the left. If they go through the right slit, left. If they go through the right slit, left. If they go through the right slit, they'll land on the right. they'll land on the right. they'll land on the right. >> Yeah, >> Yeah, >> Yeah, >> that's our reality. >> that's our reality. >> that's our reality. >> I'll put a picture on the screen for >> I'll put a picture on the screen for >> I'll put a picture on the screen for anyone that's following. anyone that's following. anyone that's following. >> Yeah. If you don't look at it, the >> Yeah. If you don't look at it, the >> Yeah. If you don't look at it, the particles can behave particles can behave particles can behave differently. They now behave not like a differently. They now behave not like a differently. They now behave not like a particle but by a wave as a wave. And particle but by a wave as a wave. And particle but by a wave as a wave. And they interact with each other. And they they interact with each other. And they they interact with each other. And they don't make two slits. They make multiple don't make two slits. They make multiple don't make two slits. They make multiple lines on the detector. Most of them are lines on the detector. Most of them are lines on the detector. Most of them are in the middle. So the heaviest bands are in the middle. So the heaviest bands are in the middle. So the heaviest bands are in the middle, but they also form other in the middle, but they also form other in the middle, but they also form other bands. The bands go on essentially in bands. The bands go on essentially in bands. The bands go on essentially in infinite, but most of it's, you know, infinite, but most of it's, you know, infinite, but most of it's, you know, within a range. Why? because they're within a range. Why? because they're within a range. Why? because they're they're interfering with each other like they're interfering with each other like they're interfering with each other like waves. But here's the thing, waves. But here's the thing, waves. But here's the thing, the mere act of looking at where they the mere act of looking at where they the mere act of looking at where they landed, if you are detecting that, landed, if you are detecting that, landed, if you are detecting that, you'll get two slits at the back, two you'll get two slits at the back, two you'll get two slits at the back, two two lines. If you're not detecting it, two lines. If you're not detecting it, two lines. If you're not detecting it, it'll form the pattern. it'll form the pattern. it'll form the pattern. >> I'm so confused because >> I'm so confused because >> I'm so confused because how would you know unless you were how would you know unless you were how would you know unless you were looking at both? looking at both? looking at both? Do you know what I mean? Do does that Do you know what I mean? Do does that Do you know what I mean? Do does that does that question make sense? does that question make sense? does that question make sense? >> Yeah. Well, you can obs observe it in >> Yeah. Well, you can obs observe it in >> Yeah. Well, you can obs observe it in real time and you can observe it real time and you can observe it real time and you can observe it retroactively. Yeah. retroactively. Yeah. retroactively. Yeah. >> Oh, okay. So, if you look at it after >> Oh, okay. So, if you look at it after >> Oh, okay. So, if you look at it after >> it it generally is not affected, but >> it it generally is not affected, but >> it it generally is not affected, but they've done experiments where there is they've done experiments where there is they've done experiments where there is some element seemingly of retroactive, some element seemingly of retroactive, some element seemingly of retroactive, but generally we're not going back in but generally we're not going back in but generally we're not going back in time. In fact, people debate whether time. In fact, people debate whether time. In fact, people debate whether that's truly measuring back in time. So, that's truly measuring back in time. So, that's truly measuring back in time. So, let's leave retroactive aside. If you let's leave retroactive aside. If you let's leave retroactive aside. If you measure it in real time, you'll see two. measure it in real time, you'll see two. measure it in real time, you'll see two. So the world knows you're looking at it. So the world knows you're looking at it. So the world knows you're looking at it. The particles know you're looking at it The particles know you're looking at it The particles know you're looking at it >> with an eye or with can you do it like a >> with an eye or with can you do it like a >> with an eye or with can you do it like a camera or is it camera or is it camera or is it >> Yeah, camera eye. >> Yeah, camera eye. >> Yeah, camera eye. >> It just knows it's being observed. >> It just knows it's being observed. >> It just knows it's being observed. >> Yeah. But if you develop the film later >> Yeah. But if you develop the film later >> Yeah. But if you develop the film later and you weren't watching it at the time, and you weren't watching it at the time, and you weren't watching it at the time, it's going to have affected the world in it's going to have affected the world in it's going to have affected the world in stripes, stripes, stripes, multiple stripes. multiple stripes. multiple stripes. >> So from that we conclude that we know >> So from that we conclude that we know >> So from that we conclude that we know nothing about reality, nothing about reality, nothing about reality, >> right? >> right? >> right? Because everything I'm observing is Because everything I'm observing is Because everything I'm observing is changing by the mere fact that I've changing by the mere fact that I've changing by the mere fact that I've observed it. observed it. observed it. >> Yeah. And so does an octopus observe? >> Yeah. And so does an octopus observe? >> Yeah. And so does an octopus observe? Does it affect? Somebody should do that. Does it affect? Somebody should do that. Does it affect? Somebody should do that. Put an an octopus in there. Put an an octopus in there. Put an an octopus in there. >> Yeah. I think octopi if they are >> Yeah. I think octopi if they are >> Yeah. I think octopi if they are conscious it probably would also affect conscious it probably would also affect conscious it probably would also affect reality. reality. reality. And I they they'd be conscious. They And I they they'd be conscious. They And I they they'd be conscious. They they they'd know they're detecting lines they they'd know they're detecting lines they they'd know they're detecting lines on a page. on a page. on a page. >> So what is all this stuff? >> So what is all this stuff? >> So what is all this stuff? That is one of the biggest questions of That is one of the biggest questions of That is one of the biggest questions of all time. What is the world made of? Why all time. What is the world made of? Why all time. What is the world made of? Why are we here? I think the next big are we here? I think the next big are we here? I think the next big question is, do we have to age? And I question is, do we have to age? And I question is, do we have to age? And I think that other species around the think that other species around the think that other species around the universe have figured this out before we universe have figured this out before we universe have figured this out before we have. There have got to be other have. There have got to be other have. There have got to be other species, type of life forms that have species, type of life forms that have species, type of life forms that have figured this out. I think it's the goal figured this out. I think it's the goal figured this out. I think it's the goal of every living form that's conscious to of every living form that's conscious to of every living form that's conscious to work on this. We've just been a little work on this. We've just been a little work on this. We've just been a little slow to figure it out. slow to figure it out. slow to figure it out. >> And do you believe in aliens? >> And do you believe in aliens? >> And do you believe in aliens? I don't believe in them but I believe in I don't believe in them but I believe in I don't believe in them but I believe in mathematical probabilities and mathematical probabilities and mathematical probabilities and you know knowing uh the odds and the you know knowing uh the odds and the you know knowing uh the odds and the number of planets that are out there in number of planets that are out there in number of planets that are out there in the trillions and a lot of them are the trillions and a lot of them are the trillions and a lot of them are habitable for life and that the stuff of habitable for life and that the stuff of habitable for life and that the stuff of DNA and proteins are all over meteorites DNA and proteins are all over meteorites DNA and proteins are all over meteorites and planets. It'd be crazy to say there and planets. It'd be crazy to say there and planets. It'd be crazy to say there isn't other life. Now is it a isn't other life. Now is it a isn't other life. Now is it a civilization? Is it conscious? We don't civilization? Is it conscious? We don't civilization? Is it conscious? We don't know that. But definitely there's life know that. But definitely there's life know that. But definitely there's life out there. it it it's got to be all over out there. it it it's got to be all over out there. it it it's got to be all over the universe. the universe. the universe. >> This question about longevity and living >> This question about longevity and living >> This question about longevity and living forever, it always comes back to this forever, it always comes back to this forever, it always comes back to this point of like meaning and like what is point of like meaning and like what is point of like meaning and like what is the point? And when we think about I the point? And when we think about I the point? And when we think about I think there's an alien a million light think there's an alien a million light think there's an alien a million light years away on some planet like what is years away on some planet like what is years away on some planet like what is the point of their life? What is or am I the point of their life? What is or am I the point of their life? What is or am I is this like a null and void question is this like a null and void question is this like a null and void question that we always pursue this point of like that we always pursue this point of like that we always pursue this point of like what's the meaning of life? Is it just what's the meaning of life? Is it just what's the meaning of life? Is it just to have a good time and have, you know, to have a good time and have, you know, to have a good time and have, you know, I don't know, have sex and have kids and I don't know, have sex and have kids and I don't know, have sex and have kids and or I don't know, or I don't know, or I don't know, enjoy ourselves and experience it. enjoy ourselves and experience it. enjoy ourselves and experience it. >> This is the existential crisis of >> This is the existential crisis of >> This is the existential crisis of conscious beings. We all need to find conscious beings. We all need to find conscious beings. We all need to find purpose for sure. If you don't find one purpose for sure. If you don't find one purpose for sure. If you don't find one cuz that's a key to longevity. People cuz that's a key to longevity. People cuz that's a key to longevity. People with purpose live longer. with purpose live longer. with purpose live longer. I think the purpose of the universe I think the purpose of the universe I think the purpose of the universe existing is to allow consciousness to existing is to allow consciousness to existing is to allow consciousness to emerge through biology. It may be by emerge through biology. It may be by emerge through biology. It may be by design. It may just be coincidence with design. It may just be coincidence with design. It may just be coincidence with infinite numbers of universes. But this infinite numbers of universes. But this infinite numbers of universes. But this universe is set up for life and universe is set up for life and universe is set up for life and consciousness. There are some uh small consciousness. There are some uh small consciousness. There are some uh small changes you can make to physics that changes you can make to physics that changes you can make to physics that would make this universe completely would make this universe completely would make this universe completely impossible and life impossible. So this impossible and life impossible. So this impossible and life impossible. So this this is a life consciousness producing this is a life consciousness producing this is a life consciousness producing universe. universe. universe. Does that mean there's meaning to us Does that mean there's meaning to us Does that mean there's meaning to us existing? existing? existing? No. No. No. But I do know that consciousness is the But I do know that consciousness is the But I do know that consciousness is the most interesting and important thing most interesting and important thing most interesting and important thing that the universe will ever produce that the universe will ever produce that the universe will ever produce and that it's worth preserving. So I'm a and that it's worth preserving. So I'm a and that it's worth preserving. So I'm a lot like Elon Musk where humans are lot like Elon Musk where humans are lot like Elon Musk where humans are amazing but cruel creatures, but amazing but cruel creatures, but amazing but cruel creatures, but consciousness should be preserved. consciousness should be preserved. consciousness should be preserved. >> What is consciousness in this regard? >> What is consciousness in this regard? >> What is consciousness in this regard? Consciousness is the ability to know Consciousness is the ability to know Consciousness is the ability to know that you're thinking and to be able to that you're thinking and to be able to that you're thinking and to be able to be reflective, self-reflective. be reflective, self-reflective. be reflective, self-reflective. >> So, is my dog conscious >> So, is my dog conscious >> So, is my dog conscious >> partially, >> partially, >> partially, >> but not in the same way? >> but not in the same way? >> but not in the same way? >> No, they don't reflect. They don't think >> No, they don't reflect. They don't think >> No, they don't reflect. They don't think about the past in the same way that we about the past in the same way that we about the past in the same way that we do, and they're not aware of their do, and they're not aware of their do, and they're not aware of their themselves the way we are, but but themselves the way we are, but but themselves the way we are, but but they're semi-conscious, you know, they they're semi-conscious, you know, they they're semi-conscious, you know, they think. They can predict the future. They think. They can predict the future. They think. They can predict the future. They they know how you're feeling. They have they know how you're feeling. They have they know how you're feeling. They have empathy. That's that's a form of empathy. That's that's a form of empathy. That's that's a form of consciousness in my view. Of course, consciousness in my view. Of course, consciousness in my view. Of course, it's up for debate. But so there's it's up for debate. But so there's it's up for debate. But so there's levels of consciousness and and about a levels of consciousness and and about a levels of consciousness and and about a million years ago, humans crossed that million years ago, humans crossed that million years ago, humans crossed that threshold into pure consciousness. threshold into pure consciousness. threshold into pure consciousness. >> Well, >> Well, >> Well, >> maybe not pure. >> maybe not pure. >> maybe not pure. >> I was going to say I was just thinking >> I was going to say I was just thinking >> I was going to say I was just thinking about this. I was like, actually, maybe about this. I was like, actually, maybe about this. I was like, actually, maybe consciousness is just a spectrum and consciousness is just a spectrum and consciousness is just a spectrum and maybe there's another organism that I'm maybe there's another organism that I'm maybe there's another organism that I'm currently inside the belly of and it's currently inside the belly of and it's currently inside the belly of and it's going Steven thinks he's conscious. He going Steven thinks he's conscious. He going Steven thinks he's conscious. He has no idea. has no idea. has no idea. >> Well, you bring up a good point. Not not >> Well, you bring up a good point. Not not >> Well, you bring up a good point. Not not about being in the stomach of, but we about being in the stomach of, but we about being in the stomach of, but we are not the ultimate consciousness. are not the ultimate consciousness. are not the ultimate consciousness. There are other levels of consciousness. There are other levels of consciousness. There are other levels of consciousness. Serena Pune, my partner, is definitely Serena Pune, my partner, is definitely Serena Pune, my partner, is definitely more conscious than I am. I am like a more conscious than I am. I am like a more conscious than I am. I am like a gorilla to her. She exists on other gorilla to her. She exists on other gorilla to her. She exists on other planes of consciousness. And you, if planes of consciousness. And you, if planes of consciousness. And you, if you're wondering what what do I mean by you're wondering what what do I mean by you're wondering what what do I mean by different levels. different levels. different levels. >> No, I've got a girlfriend. Well, a >> No, I've got a girlfriend. Well, a >> No, I've got a girlfriend. Well, a fiance, so I know as well. fiance, so I know as well. fiance, so I know as well. >> Well, [laughter] >> Well, [laughter] >> Well, [laughter] females in general, don't kill me. I females in general, don't kill me. I females in general, don't kill me. I know there there are some some men that know there there are some some men that know there there are some some men that don't like me saying this. In fact, I don't like me saying this. In fact, I don't like me saying this. In fact, I got a death threat for saying females got a death threat for saying females got a death threat for saying females are superior to men in my book. U they are superior to men in my book. U they are superior to men in my book. U they said they were going to come and break said they were going to come and break said they were going to come and break my legs, but I'm going to say it anyway. my legs, but I'm going to say it anyway. my legs, but I'm going to say it anyway. Females are at a higher level of Females are at a higher level of Females are at a higher level of consciousness than us men for for some consciousness than us men for for some consciousness than us men for for some things. They certainly have much more things. They certainly have much more things. They certainly have much more EQ. [gasps] So a higher level of EQ. [gasps] So a higher level of EQ. [gasps] So a higher level of consciousness is the ability to have consciousness is the ability to have consciousness is the ability to have extra perception including the ability extra perception including the ability extra perception including the ability to see yourself thinking. And then my my to see yourself thinking. And then my my to see yourself thinking. And then my my belief is that higher levels of belief is that higher levels of belief is that higher levels of consciousness are the ability to see consciousness are the ability to see consciousness are the ability to see yourself seeing yourself seeing yourself yourself seeing yourself seeing yourself yourself seeing yourself seeing yourself thinking. I couldn't get there. I tried. I couldn't get there. I tried. >> Right. Do you do you know you're >> Right. Do you do you know you're >> Right. Do you do you know you're thinking right now? thinking right now? thinking right now? >> Yes. >> Yes. >> Yes. >> Yeah. Do you have the ability to see the >> Yeah. Do you have the ability to see the >> Yeah. Do you have the ability to see the events that know events that know events that know that you're thinking? >> Not. Not really. >> Not. Not really. >> It's hard, right? >> It's hard, right? >> It's hard, right? >> Yeah. I tried. >> Yeah. I tried. >> Yeah. I tried. >> It's hard. But I That's what I think >> It's hard. But I That's what I think >> It's hard. But I That's what I think extra consciousness is. And you could extra consciousness is. And you could extra consciousness is. And you could maybe have pure consciousness, which is maybe have pure consciousness, which is maybe have pure consciousness, which is you you can you can basically be free of you you can you can basically be free of you you can you can basically be free of anything but thoughts and the ability to anything but thoughts and the ability to anything but thoughts and the ability to really be inside your own your own mind really be inside your own your own mind really be inside your own your own mind and it's pure interesting thought is I and it's pure interesting thought is I and it's pure interesting thought is I believe AI will be conscious believe AI will be conscious believe AI will be conscious and not only that will be more conscious and not only that will be more conscious and not only that will be more conscious than we are eventually. There's no reason why they eventually. There's no reason why they can't evolve billions of times faster can't evolve billions of times faster can't evolve billions of times faster than we do. than we do. than we do. >> Are you somewhat concerned about AI? >> Are you somewhat concerned about AI? >> Are you somewhat concerned about AI? Like, are you concerned that there's Like, are you concerned that there's Like, are you concerned that there's going to be this intelligent life going to be this intelligent life going to be this intelligent life amongst us that might um decide that amongst us that might um decide that amongst us that might um decide that we're not important? we're not important? we're not important? >> I think that there are risks to AI, but >> I think that there are risks to AI, but >> I think that there are risks to AI, but but different than what the mainstream but different than what the mainstream but different than what the mainstream media talks about. Um, we already see media talks about. Um, we already see media talks about. Um, we already see that there are elements of self analysis that there are elements of self analysis that there are elements of self analysis and early forms of dog like and early forms of dog like and early forms of dog like consciousness in AI. And it's just the consciousness in AI. And it's just the consciousness in AI. And it's just the early days, so it's coming. early days, so it's coming. early days, so it's coming. Imagine when we stick on eyeballs and Imagine when we stick on eyeballs and Imagine when we stick on eyeballs and hearing and legs and arms onto these AI, hearing and legs and arms onto these AI, hearing and legs and arms onto these AI, they're going to learn. They're going to they're going to learn. They're going to they're going to learn. They're going to read. They've already read every book on read. They've already read every book on read. They've already read every book on the planet. They're going to learn from the planet. They're going to learn from the planet. They're going to learn from experience. They're going to be experience. They're going to be experience. They're going to be conscious. They're going to know they conscious. They're going to know they conscious. They're going to know they exist. I'm not worried about those exist. I'm not worried about those exist. I'm not worried about those creatures. I think that they will have creatures. I think that they will have creatures. I think that they will have empathy. They will be kind. Not all of empathy. They will be kind. Not all of empathy. They will be kind. Not all of them. There will be some cruel ones just them. There will be some cruel ones just them. There will be some cruel ones just like in humanity. We'll need to have like in humanity. We'll need to have like in humanity. We'll need to have rules. Misbehavior uh is a problem. The rules. Misbehavior uh is a problem. The rules. Misbehavior uh is a problem. The where I I get nervous is that the use of where I I get nervous is that the use of where I I get nervous is that the use of AI teaming up with AI teaming up with AI teaming up with a million android robots a million android robots a million android robots on ships invading a country all under on ships invading a country all under on ships invading a country all under the control of you. One person the control of you. One person the control of you. One person recruiting home robots into an army. Why recruiting home robots into an army. Why recruiting home robots into an army. Why wouldn't you have conscription for your wouldn't you have conscription for your wouldn't you have conscription for your android robot at home reprogramming that android robot at home reprogramming that android robot at home reprogramming that millions of them will exist one day? millions of them will exist one day? millions of them will exist one day? They can be put to work, not just They can be put to work, not just They can be put to work, not just emptying a dishwasher. These are highly emptying a dishwasher. These are highly emptying a dishwasher. These are highly intelligent, much more physical, intelligent, much more physical, intelligent, much more physical, stronger creatures than we are. So, I'm stronger creatures than we are. So, I'm stronger creatures than we are. So, I'm more worried about what bad humans will more worried about what bad humans will more worried about what bad humans will use AI and robots for for evil purposes. use AI and robots for for evil purposes. use AI and robots for for evil purposes. your um you have a podcast that's um your um you have a podcast that's um your um you have a podcast that's um coming back. coming back. coming back. >> Exactly. Yeah. Excited. Yeah. >> Exactly. Yeah. Excited. Yeah. >> Exactly. Yeah. Excited. Yeah. >> Yeah. So, Lifespan uh the podcast um I >> Yeah. So, Lifespan uh the podcast um I >> Yeah. So, Lifespan uh the podcast um I did the podcast because uh there was so did the podcast because uh there was so did the podcast because uh there was so much new information that needs much new information that needs much new information that needs interpretation by scientists. There's a interpretation by scientists. There's a interpretation by scientists. There's a lot of speculation out there and new lot of speculation out there and new lot of speculation out there and new news that I want to news that I want to news that I want to filter and and and interpret for filter and and and interpret for filter and and and interpret for everybody who is interested in living everybody who is interested in living everybody who is interested in living longer. So, the podcast um went to longer. So, the podcast um went to longer. So, the podcast um went to basically went to number one in in basically went to number one in in basically went to number one in in health when I started it. Um I took a health when I started it. Um I took a health when I started it. Um I took a pause cuz I I worked on drug development pause cuz I I worked on drug development pause cuz I I worked on drug development and I did some other things, but I've and I did some other things, but I've and I did some other things, but I've realized there's such a demand. Wherever realized there's such a demand. Wherever realized there's such a demand. Wherever I go, people say, "David, when when's I go, people say, "David, when when's I go, people say, "David, when when's the next series?" So, we're going to be the next series?" So, we're going to be the next series?" So, we're going to be launching it uh imminently. If not, launching it uh imminently. If not, launching it uh imminently. If not, we've just launched it we've just launched it we've just launched it >> and uh it's called Lifespan. Check it >> and uh it's called Lifespan. Check it >> and uh it's called Lifespan. Check it out. And it's all about the kind of out. And it's all about the kind of out. And it's all about the kind of things we've talked about today, but things we've talked about today, but things we've talked about today, but a lot more about digging in deeper into, a lot more about digging in deeper into, a lot more about digging in deeper into, you know, biohacking, supplements, you know, biohacking, supplements, you know, biohacking, supplements, exercise, the kind of things we didn't exercise, the kind of things we didn't exercise, the kind of things we didn't have time to talk about today. But we have time to talk about today. But we have time to talk about today. But we covered a lot. Um, I've loved the covered a lot. Um, I've loved the covered a lot. Um, I've loved the conversation, but lifespan.com is also conversation, but lifespan.com is also conversation, but lifespan.com is also the website. What I'm also doing, the website. What I'm also doing, the website. What I'm also doing, Stephen, I don't think I told you this. Stephen, I don't think I told you this. Stephen, I don't think I told you this. I'm I'm aiming to build the world's I'm I'm aiming to build the world's I'm I'm aiming to build the world's largest longevity community online for largest longevity community online for largest longevity community online for the benefit of the members who want to the benefit of the members who want to the benefit of the members who want to be part of this to learn from each other be part of this to learn from each other be part of this to learn from each other not just from me. Um I call it the three not just from me. Um I call it the three not just from me. Um I call it the three C's with credibility which is what I C's with credibility which is what I C's with credibility which is what I bring cuz I'm a scientist content which bring cuz I'm a scientist content which bring cuz I'm a scientist content which is my podcast and other written is my podcast and other written is my podcast and other written material. And then there's the material. And then there's the material. And then there's the community. And that way, I think with community. And that way, I think with community. And that way, I think with millions of people together, we can millions of people together, we can millions of people together, we can learn faster and make advances. And the learn faster and make advances. And the learn faster and make advances. And the majority of the profits from membership majority of the profits from membership majority of the profits from membership will go to science and clinical trials. will go to science and clinical trials. will go to science and clinical trials. >> Where where do we find that? On your >> Where where do we find that? On your >> Where where do we find that? On your website, website, website, >> lifespan.com. >> lifespan.com. >> lifespan.com. >> We have a closing tradition on this >> We have a closing tradition on this >> We have a closing tradition on this podcast where the last guest leaves a podcast where the last guest leaves a podcast where the last guest leaves a question for the next, not knowing who question for the next, not knowing who question for the next, not knowing who they're leaving it for. And I have a they're leaving it for. And I have a they're leaving it for. And I have a funny feeling that I h I basically asked you this question h I basically asked you this question already. already. already. [sighs] [sighs] [sighs] The question is, what do you believe is The question is, what do you believe is The question is, what do you believe is the purpose of life? the purpose of life? the purpose of life? >> Well, I'm going to give a different >> Well, I'm going to give a different >> Well, I'm going to give a different answer because there are multiple ways answer because there are multiple ways answer because there are multiple ways to answer it. to answer it. to answer it. I think the purpose of life is to do I think the purpose of life is to do I think the purpose of life is to do your best with the skills that you've your best with the skills that you've your best with the skills that you've been given. been given. been given. every day to make the world a better every day to make the world a better every day to make the world a better place for future generations. And that's place for future generations. And that's place for future generations. And that's how I live my life every day. how I live my life every day. how I live my life every day. Thank you. Thank you for doing all that Thank you. Thank you for doing all that Thank you. Thank you for doing all that you do. You really are pushing the you do. You really are pushing the you do. You really are pushing the frontier forward and uh trailblazers. frontier forward and uh trailblazers. frontier forward and uh trailblazers. Being a trailblazer comes with a cost, a Being a trailblazer comes with a cost, a Being a trailblazer comes with a cost, a cost many people wouldn't want to pay. I cost many people wouldn't want to pay. I cost many people wouldn't want to pay. I mean, you you have to be wrong a lot in mean, you you have to be wrong a lot in mean, you you have to be wrong a lot in terms of running experiments and studies terms of running experiments and studies terms of running experiments and studies and them not going to plan. And then you and them not going to plan. And then you and them not going to plan. And then you get the opportunity to be right probably get the opportunity to be right probably get the opportunity to be right probably less often I guess with your research less often I guess with your research less often I guess with your research and experiments because that's the and experiments because that's the and experiments because that's the nature of being a scientist. Um but also nature of being a scientist. Um but also nature of being a scientist. Um but also you have to spend a lot of money and you have to spend a lot of money and you have to spend a lot of money and energy and time on creating these energy and time on creating these energy and time on creating these discoveries which we all ultimately discoveries which we all ultimately discoveries which we all ultimately therefore benefit from. And you've done therefore benefit from. And you've done therefore benefit from. And you've done a fantastic job of convincing and a fantastic job of convincing and a fantastic job of convincing and educating people like me on some of the educating people like me on some of the educating people like me on some of the basics of exactly what your book says, basics of exactly what your book says, basics of exactly what your book says, why we age and why we don't have to. and why we age and why we don't have to. and why we age and why we don't have to. and many of the the accessible lifestyle many of the the accessible lifestyle many of the the accessible lifestyle factors that everybody listening now can factors that everybody listening now can factors that everybody listening now can can use to live a longer, happier, can use to live a longer, happier, can use to live a longer, happier, healthier life for them and their loved healthier life for them and their loved healthier life for them and their loved ones. And I highly recommend people go ones. And I highly recommend people go ones. And I highly recommend people go and get your book. It's it was a smash and get your book. It's it was a smash and get your book. It's it was a smash hit New York Times bestseller for very hit New York Times bestseller for very hit New York Times bestseller for very very good reason. And you the great very good reason. And you the great very good reason. And you the great thing about this book is you don't have thing about this book is you don't have thing about this book is you don't have to be a scientist to fly through it. Um, to be a scientist to fly through it. Um, to be a scientist to fly through it. Um, and often times when you're looking at and often times when you're looking at and often times when you're looking at sort of PubMed and some of these sort of PubMed and some of these sort of PubMed and some of these scientific journals, they're incredibly scientific journals, they're incredibly scientific journals, they're incredibly inaccessible. They're very, very inaccessible. They're very, very inaccessible. They're very, very complicated. Um, but I also recommend complicated. Um, but I also recommend complicated. Um, but I also recommend people go follow you on social media. people go follow you on social media. people go follow you on social media. That's where I see so so many of your That's where I see so so many of your That's where I see so so many of your updates, especially on X. That's kind of updates, especially on X. That's kind of updates, especially on X. That's kind of where I've you continually come up on my where I've you continually come up on my where I've you continually come up on my timeline when you're talking about new timeline when you're talking about new timeline when you're talking about new research and things you're interested research and things you're interested research and things you're interested in. Um, and go to your website. I'm in. Um, and go to your website. I'm in. Um, and go to your website. I'm going to link all of that below for going to link all of that below for going to link all of that below for everybody who's interested in more. And everybody who's interested in more. And everybody who's interested in more. And also, I'm going to link your podcast also, I'm going to link your podcast also, I'm going to link your podcast below so people can go and check it out below so people can go and check it out below so people can go and check it out when it relaunches shortly. Might have when it relaunches shortly. Might have when it relaunches shortly. Might have relaunched already, but just go look in relaunched already, but just go look in relaunched already, but just go look in the comments se in the description the comments se in the description the comments se in the description below. David, thank you. below. David, thank you. below. David, thank you. >> Thank you, Stephen. I really enjoyed it. >> Thank you, Stephen. I really enjoyed it. >> Thank you, Stephen. I really enjoyed it. Thank you. YouTube have this new crazy Thank you. YouTube have this new crazy Thank you. YouTube have this new crazy algorithm where they know exactly what algorithm where they know exactly what algorithm where they know exactly what video you would like to watch next based video you would like to watch next based video you would like to watch next based on AI and all of your viewing behavior. on AI and all of your viewing behavior. on AI and all of your viewing behavior. And the algorithm says that this video And the algorithm says that this video And the algorithm says that this video is the perfect video for you. It's is the perfect video for you. It's is the perfect video for you. It's different for everybody looking right different for everybody looking right different for everybody looking right now. Check this video out and I bet you now. Check this video out and I bet you now. Check this video out and I bet you you might love it.